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CS 455 > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Network Edge

A

Hosts (clients and servers), end of data route, sends packets of data, takes application message

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2
Q

Network Core

A

Route must pass through it.
Interconnected routers.

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3
Q

Network of Networks

A

Devices are connected using a hierarchy of networks

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4
Q

Host

A

Client and server. End system that provides user with information/data

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5
Q

Protocol

A

Define format and order of messages sent and received among network entities and actions taken on message transmission/receipt.
HTTP (web), TCP, IP, 4G, Ethernet.

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6
Q

ISP

A

Internet Service Provider, provides connection between host and network

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7
Q

Internet Structure

A
  1. Network edge
  2. Access networks, Physical media
  3. Network core
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8
Q

Access Networks/ISP

A

Residential, institutional, or mobile access networks. (within an organization). Smallest type of network

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9
Q

Types of Access Networks

A
  1. Cable-based Access
  2. Digital subscriber line
  3. Home networks
  4. Wireless network
  5. Enterprise network
  6. Data Center network
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10
Q

Cable-Based Access Network

A

Network of cable/fiber that connectes homes to ISP router.
Homes share connection from access network to cable headend.

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11
Q

Digital Subscriber Line Access Network

A

Uses existing telephone line to central office DSLAM. Voice and data transmitted at different frequencies.
Data over DSL phone line goes to Internet. Voice over DSL phone goes to telephone net.

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12
Q

Home Access Network

A

Wired: Headend/central office to modem to router to host
Wireless: Headend/central office to modem to router to Wifi access point to host

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13
Q

Wireless Access Network

A

Through access point.
Wireless LAN: 100ft
Wide-Area Cellular: provided by mobile/cellular network operator

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14
Q

Enterprise Access Network

A

Companies, universities, etc.
Mix of wired, wireless link technologies (mix of switches and routers)

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15
Q

Data Center Access Network

A

High-bandwidth links connects many servers together and to the Internet

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16
Q

Transmission Rate

A

Link capacity or bandwidth.
Time needed to transmit bit packet into link = L (bits) / R (bits/sec)

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17
Q

Radio Link Types

A
  1. Wireless LAN (wifi)
  2. Wide-area
  3. Bluetooth
  4. Terrestrial microwave
  5. Satellite
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18
Q

Packet Switching

A

Host breaks application-layer messages into packets

19
Q

Forwarding

A

Move arriving packets from routers input link to appropriate output link.
LOCAL ACTION

20
Q

Routing

A

Determine source-destination paths taken by packets (routing algorithms)
GLOBAL ACTION

21
Q

Packet Transmission Delay

A

Takes L/R seconds to transmit L-bit packet into link at R bps.

22
Q

Store and Forward

A

Entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link.

23
Q

Parts of Packet Switching

A

Store and forward, queueing

24
Q

Queueing and when does it occur

A

When router becomes overloaded with packets. Can cause data loss. Occurs when work arrives faster than it can be serviced.

25
Q

Circuit Switching

A

Alternative to packet switching. End to end resouces allocated to, reserved for the ‘call’ (no sharing) between source and destination. Call gets dropped if max num of connection is reached.
Can use FDM or TDM

26
Q

FDM

A

Frequency Division Multiplexing. Used in circuit switching. Optical, electromagnetic frequencies divided into narrow frequencies bands. Each call allocated its own band

27
Q

TDM

A

Time Division Multiplexing. Used in circuit switching. Time divided into slots, each call allocated periodic slots

28
Q

Packet Switching VS Circuit Switching

A

Circuit-switching can only serve up to 10 users at a time, while packet-switching can serve 10 or more users. However, packet switching can lead to data loss as resources are not reserved.

29
Q

Regional ISP

A

Provides access to subscribers in a franchise area. Higher then Access ISP

30
Q

IXP

A

Internet Exchange Point. Physical location through which ISP companies can exchange internet traffic. Higher then Regional ISP

31
Q

Tier 1 ISP

A

Commercial ISPs, national and international coverage (Sprint, AT&T, NTT), Higher then IXP, same as Content Provider Network

32
Q

Content Provider Network

A

Private network that connects data centers to internet, bypass Tier-1 and Regional ISPs. Same level as Tier-1

33
Q

When does Packet Loss occur?

A

Occurs when memory to hold queued packets fills up

34
Q

Packet Delay Calculation

A

Nodal processing + queueing delay + transmission delay + propagation delay = packet delay

35
Q

Nodal Processing

A

Time it takes for router to process incoming packets (check bit errors, determine output link)

36
Q

Queuing Delay

A

Time spent waiting for output link, depends on congestion level of router

37
Q

Transmission Delay

A

Time it takes for packet to leave router through output link.
L/R, L is packet length (bits) and R is link transmission rate (bps)

38
Q

Propagation Delay

A

Time it takes for packet to travel to next router or final destination.
d/s, d is length of physical link and s is propagation speed

39
Q

Traceroute Program

A

Provides delay measurement from source to each router along end-end Internet path to destination. Sends three packets to each router on path, router then returns packets and time is calculated.

40
Q

Throughput

A

Rate (bits/time unit) at which bits are being sent to receiver.

41
Q

Instantaneous Throughput

A

Rate (bits/time unit) at given point in time

42
Q

Average Throughput

A

Rate (bits/time unit) over longer period of time, uses minimum throughput of entire path

43
Q

Bottleneck Link

A

Link on end-end path that constrains overall throughput

CS 455 (12 decks)

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