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CC LEC > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Clinical Chemistry Tests measure ______ or ______ in body fluids.

A

Concentration or Activities of Substances (analytes)

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2
Q

CC Tests may use the following body Fluids: (5)

A
  1. Whole Blood
  2. Serum
  3. Plasma
  4. Urine
  5. CSF
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3
Q

Why is Serum the most preferred specimen?

A

It has no Anticoagulant

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4
Q

What are the activities of substance that CC Tests measure? (3)

A
  1. Ion
  2. Molecules
  3. Complexes
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5
Q

What are the Analytes that CC measures? (7)

A
  1. Protein
  2. Enzymes
  3. Metabolites
  4. Drugs
  5. Ions
  6. Salts
  7. Minerals
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6
Q

What is the difference between Automated and Semi Automated?

A

There is no pipetting needed for Automated.

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7
Q

What Scope of Clinical Chemistry is related to Substance Abuse/Drug Abuse?

A

Toxicology

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8
Q

What Scope of Clinical Chemistry is related to Drugs for Illness/Disease?

A

Pharmacology

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9
Q

Give 3 Examples under TDM.

A
  1. Antidepressants
  2. Antibiotic
  3. Anti-metabolite
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10
Q

What are the 4 electrolytes under Salt?

A
  1. Sodium (Na)
  2. Potassium (K)
  3. Chloride (Cl)
  4. Bicarbonate
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11
Q

What analytes are increased in cases of metabolic syndrome?

A

Metabolites

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12
Q

What are the 5 examples under Metabolites?

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Cholesterol
  3. Creatinine
  4. Uric Acid
  5. Triglycerides
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13
Q

What are the 3 examples of Ions?

A
  1. Magnesium
  2. Calcium
  3. Iron
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14
Q

The results obtained in CC Test are compared to ______

A

Reference Intervals/Reference Range

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15
Q

Clinical Chemistry as a ____ involves knowlege of general chemistry, organic chemistry & biochemistry with human physiology.

A

CC as a Science

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16
Q

CC as a _____ produces evidence

A

CC as a Service

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17
Q

CC as a _____ involves business under regulations and practices.

A

CC as an industry

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18
Q

What deals with the incorporation of different laboratory identifiers or identification though technology or computer?

A

Laboratory Information System (LIS)

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19
Q

This scope of CC deals with the 4 Fundamental Biomolecules.

A

Biochemistry

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20
Q

What are the 4 Fundamental Biomolecules under biochemistry?

A
  1. Lipid
  2. Protein
  3. Glucose
  4. Nucleic Acid
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21
Q

What is the Reference Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry?

A

Lung Center of the Philippines

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22
Q

What scope of CC deals with automation and machines?

A

Instrumentation

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23
Q

What scope of CC deals with Drugs?

A

Pharmacology

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24
Q

What Scope of CC Deals with tracing toxic substances in the body?

A

Toxicology

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25
Q

What is the Reference Laboratory for Toxicology?

A

East Avenue Medical Center

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26
Q

What are the 6 core tests under CC?

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Renal Function Test
  3. Liver Function Test
  4. Lipid Profile
  5. Enzymes
  6. Electrolytes
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27
Q

the core test “glucose” is for the diagnosis of?

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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28
Q

what are the 3 substances under Kidney Function Test?

A
  1. Uric Acid
  2. Urea
  3. Creatinine
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29
Q

What are the substances under Liver Function Test? (6)

A
  1. Bilirubin
  2. Albumin
  3. Total Protein
  4. Alkaline Phosphatase
  5. Aspartate transaminase
  6. Alanine Aminotransferase
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30
Q

What are the 3 enzymes under Liver Function Test?

A
  1. Alkaline phosphatase
  2. Alanine Aminotransferase
  3. Aspartate transferase
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31
Q

What Core test is for the detection of Cardiovascular Diseases?

A

Lipid Profile

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32
Q

What are measured under lipid profile? (4)

A
  1. HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)
  2. LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein)
  3. Total Cholesterol
  4. Triglycerides
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33
Q

What core test is used for the detection of Organ Damage?

A

Enzymes

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34
Q

What are measured under the core test for enzymes? (3)

A
  1. Amylase
  2. Lipase
  3. Creatine Kinase
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35
Q

Amylase and Lipase are primarily used for the diagnosis of?

A

Acute Pancreatitis

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36
Q

What is used for the Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction?

A

Creatine Kinase

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37
Q

What assess the fluid/hydration in our body?

A

Electrolytes

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38
Q

What are the 6 Specialized Tests?

A
  1. Hormones
  2. Specific Proteins
  3. Trace Elements
  4. Vitamins
  5. Drugs
  6. Lipoprotein
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39
Q

What specialized test can detect hyperthyroidism?

A

Hormones

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40
Q

What are the 3 examples of Hormones Tested?

A
  1. TSH
  2. T3
  3. T4
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41
Q

What are the 3 Examples under Trace Elements?

A
  1. Zinc
  2. Cobalt
  3. Manganese
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42
Q

What Vitamin involves Skin and Regulates Hormones?

A

Vitamin D

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43
Q

Vitamin C deficiency is also known as?

A

Scurvy

44
Q

What are the 2 Special Lipoprotein?

A
  1. B-VLDL (Beta - Very Low Density Lipoprotein)
  2. LPA (Lipoprotein A)
45
Q

What are the 2 common Lipoprotein?

A
  1. HDL
  2. LDL
46
Q

What is the most common sample under CC?

A

Blood

47
Q

Site and Method of Collection for Adults?

A

Median Antecubital Fossa & Venipuncture

48
Q

Site and Method of collection for Infants?

A

Lateral Plantar Heel & Heel prick method

49
Q

What is the order of the preferred site of collection?

A
  1. Median
  2. Cephalic
  3. Basilic
50
Q

Why is Basilic the last choice for site of puncture?

A

It is close to Brachial Artery

51
Q

What are the 3 forms of blood?

A
  1. Whole Blood
  2. Serum
  3. Plasma
52
Q

It is composed of Liquid + Formed Elements.

A

Whole Blood

53
Q

Form of blood without anticoagulant

A

Serum

54
Q

What does Plasma have that Serum does not?

A

Fibrinogen (F1)

55
Q

The act of drawing blood sample

A

Phlebotomy

56
Q

Medical Professional drawing the blood

A

Phlebotomist

57
Q

Examples of Electrolytes in found in the body (3)

A
  1. Na
  2. K
  3. Cl
58
Q

Next most common specimen after blood?

A

Urine

59
Q

It is the sample used for evaluating kidney functions and waste products excreted by kidneys

A

Urine

60
Q

Method of collection of Urine for chemistry testing (2)

A
  1. 24-hour urine
  2. Random Specimen
61
Q

24 hour urine is usually used to test?

A

Metabolites

62
Q

It is a clear and colorless fluid surrounding brain and spinal cord

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

63
Q

Method of collection for CSF?

A

Lumbar Puncture or Spinal Tap

64
Q

CSF is intended for the diagnosis of? (2)

A
  1. Meningitis
  2. Neurological Diseases
65
Q

CSF Collection is done using how many tubes?

A

3-4 Tubes

66
Q

1st Tube of CSF is for?

A

CC and Immunology

67
Q

CSF glucose % of plasma glucose?

A

60-70%

68
Q

Normal volume of CSF protein

A

15-45 g/dl

69
Q

2nd Tube of CSF is for?

A

Microbiology

70
Q

what tube of CSF is for Hematology?

A

3rd Tube

71
Q

4th Tube of CSF is for?

A

Specialized Histopathology and Cytology

72
Q

______ provides nutrients and lubricant for the Brain and spinal cord

A

CSF

73
Q

What are the other body fluids included in Clinical Chemistry? (5)

A
  1. Pleural Fluid
  2. Pericardial Fluid
  3. Peritoneal Fluid
  4. Amniotic Fluid
  5. Synovial Fluid
74
Q

______ is found in the gastrointestinal tract and is collected via _____

A

Peritoneal Fluid / Paracentesis

75
Q

Fluid found in the heart and is collected via?

A

Pericardial Fluid / Pericardiocentesis

76
Q

what is Pleural Fluid and how is it collected?

A

Fluid in the lungs / collected via Thoracentesis

77
Q

This fluid is produced by pregnant women and how is this collected?

A

Amniotic Fluid / Amniocentesis

78
Q

This fluid lubricates the joints and how is this collected?

A

Synovial Fluid / Arthrocentesis

79
Q

It is the excessive amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus

A

Polyhydramnios

80
Q

Peritoneal fluid is also known as?

A

Ascitic fluid

81
Q

What are included in the specimen rejection criteria? (4)

A
  1. Unlabeled
  2. Improperly Labeled
  3. Mismatched specimen
  4. Insufficient Quantity
82
Q

2 indentifiers under the specimen criteria

A
  1. Name
  2. Date of Birth
83
Q

Complete request form (8)

A
  1. Name
  2. Age
  3. Date
  4. Time
  5. Test
  6. Sex
  7. Physician
  8. Diagnosis
84
Q

Incorrect ratio of blood to anticoagulant may yield?

A

Erroneous Result / Diluted Blood Sample

85
Q

Hemolyzed sample maybe unsuitable for tests such as? (4)

A
  1. Potassium
  2. Magnesium
  3. Phosphorus
  4. Enzyme
86
Q

Consequences of Specimen rejection? (3)

A
  1. Repeat Collection
  2. Delay result and analysis
  3. Delay treatment of px
87
Q

Laboratory Workflow in CC Section (5)

A
  1. Requisition
  2. Specimen Collection
  3. Transport and Processing
  4. Result Transmission/Repeat Testing
  5. Interpretation of Result
88
Q

Common Analytes in CC Lab (3)

A
  1. Ions, Salts, Minerals
  2. Small Organic Molecules
  3. Large Molecules
89
Q

Example of Small organic molecules (4)

A
  1. Metabolites
  2. Therapeutic Drugs
  3. Toxicology
  4. Drugs of Abuse
90
Q

Examples of Large Molecules (4)

A
  1. Transport Proteins
  2. Enzymes
  3. Specific Proteins
  4. Diabetes Marker
91
Q

Quality Standards for all clinical laboratories to ensure accuracy, reliability and timeliness of px test result.

A

CLIA (1988)

92
Q

2 Levels of Regulations under CLIA

A
  1. Waived Test
  2. Non-Waived Tests
93
Q

Simple laboratory examinations and procedures that are cleared by FDA for home use

A

Waived Test

94
Q

Moderately and highly complex tests as defined by the requirements for operator skill, reagent prep and automation.

A

Nonwaived test

95
Q

When and who found that urea could be synthesized in vitro without any vital force

A

Friedrich Wohler / 1828

96
Q

wohler discovered that urea could be produced by?

A

Evaporating an isomeric solution of ammonium cyanate

97
Q

Who looked back on experiments of Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier in pneumatic chemistry

A

Henry Bence Jones

98
Q

who said “Few and Scanty, indeed, are the rays of light which chemistry has flung on the vital mysteries”

A

Robert James Graves

99
Q

Who complained that clinicians do not use their chemistry laboratory services except when need for “luxurious embellishment for a clinical lecture”?

A

Max Josefvon Pettenkofer

100
Q

When did urine test for diabetes and carbohydrate metabolism investigations started?

A

1815

101
Q

Who first used the term “clinical Chemistry laboratory”?

A

Johann Joseph Scherer

102
Q

Where did Scherer first used to term “Clinical Chemical Laboratory” ?

A

Klinisch Chemischem Laboratorium

103
Q

Who is the Founder of Modern Clinical Chemistry and is an outstanding clinical chemist to be able to give an excellent interpretation of analytical results

A

Donald D. Van Slyke

104
Q

When was Crude Techniques but advances to understand the living material made despite limitations?

A

19th Century

105
Q

What was discovered in the 19th century? (3)

A
  1. Characterized and isolated starch, fate and blood proteins
  2. Cholesterol in Gall Stones
  3. Chemical Composition of Urine
106
Q

Who invented the Technicon Autoanalyzer?

A

Dr. Leonard Skeggs

107
Q

When were radioisotopes used in Assay Scintillation counting devices?

A

1970

CC LEC (2 decks)

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