INTRODUCTION Flashcards
1
Q
smaller than an atom that rotates quickly that even time and space can’t fit in
A
Simple Infinitesimal
2
Q
It is the elementary particle and fundamental constituent of matter.
A
quarks
3
Q
Thrive in acidic environment
A
Acidophiles
4
Q
Very alkaline environment
A
Alkaliphiles
5
Q
Very hot environment
A
Thermophiles
6
Q
Very cold environment
A
Psychrophiles/Cryophiles
7
Q
Very salty environment
A
Halophiles
8
Q
High pressure
A
Piezophiles/Barophiles
9
Q
Methane-producing; highly combustible
A
Methanogens
10
Q
Sulfur-producing; found deep underwater; good for the skin
A
Sulfolobus
11
Q
Eubacteria
A
True Bacteria
12
Q
First amino acid produced
A
formylmethionine
13
Q
Defective proteins; Causes madcow disease/Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
A
Prions
14
Q
In humans, madcow disease is called
A
Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (CJD)
15
Q
First thought it was a curse; they cooked the person to liberate the soul and eat it
However, it was caused by defective brain tissue and whoever eats the brain will get it
A
kuru
16
Q
- Defective RNA in plants (coconut, potatoes and chrysanthemums)
- Plants pests
A
Viroids
17
Q
- Principle of microscope
- creation of the magnifying glass (simple microscope)
A
Jansen Brothers (1609)
18
Q
- Cell Discovery
- Discovered plant cells using cork
A
Robert Hooke (1665)
19
Q
- utility of microscope
- first person to see live bacteria and protozoa using rainwater
- father of microbiology, protozoology, bacteriology
- “wee animacules” – mini version of people inside sperm cells
A
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1673)
20
Q
- Published landmark paper on bacteria and the cycling of elements (e.g. carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle)
- Popularized microscope used in the field of microbiology
- Encouraged Koch to begin the field of “Medical Microbiology”
A
Ferdinand Julius Cohn
21
Q
- French Chemist
- Foundation of the Science of Microbiology o Cornerstone of Modern Medicine
- “Pasteurization” – heating to kill harmful bacteria
- “Germ Theory of disease”
- Development of Vaccines (Rabies)
- Father of modern microbiology
A
Louis Pasteur (1822-1925)
22
Q
- German physician
- Developed fixing, staining and
- photographing bacteria
o Cultivation of bacteria in solid media (sliced potato → agar)
A
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
23
Q
- Has waxy (fatty) mycolic acid cell wall
- Uses carbolfuchsin
- Genus: Mycobacterium
A
Acid Fast Bacilli
24
Q
Archaeans and Eubacteria
A
Prokarya
25
Eukarya
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
26
not all are pathogenic; acellular microbes/entities that can cause disease
Acellular Pathogens (Particles)
27
Dormant; inertly lifeless outside a living cell; attracted to the ideal host cell
Virus
28
When a host cell is controlled by a virus it undergoes either:
Lytic & Lysogenic
29
immediate lysis of host cell; causes first multiplication
Lytic
30
slow death of cell until the cell can no longer live (e.g. HIV)
Lysogenic
31
unit of capsid
Capsomere
32
a group of capsomere which houses the genetical material; either dna/rna but ner both
Capsid
33
injected inside the host’s nucleus after being penetrated by the tail
Enzymes and chromosomes
34
incorporation of the virus’ chromosomes to the host’s chromosomes to control the host cell to multiply/create virus proteins (viral protein synthesis)
Genetic splicing
35
wife of Walter Hasse
Angelina Fannie Hasse
36
discovered the petri dish
Julius Petri
37
discovered gram staining
Hans Christian Gram
38
Koch’s Postulates
Microorganisms must be:
- Found in all cases of disease examined
- Prepare and maintained/isolated in pure culture
- Must cause the same illness to tested animals
- Retrievable from an infected host
39
Exception to Koch’s Postulate
Virus, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma (all in vivo – need to be in living tissue to propagate) (Can’t be cultured)
40
propagated in armadillos
M. leprae
41
rabbit/chimpanzee tests - Fastidious microorganisms – required special nutrients
T. pallidum
42
required special nutrients
Fastidious microorganisms (e.g. Bordetella Pertussi (Pertussis)
43
Bacteria Classification
Gram (-), Gram (+), and Acid-Fast Bacilli
44
he discovered the Vaccine of Smallpox
Edward Jenner
45
Smallpox virus
Variola Virus
46
Father of Epidemiology; cholera outbreak
John Snow
47
caused by a bacteria that results to immense excretion of watery waste, which is highly contagious. This can be transmitted through contaminated food or beverages.
Cholera
48
Discovered that virus can pass through the filter paper; virus (“little poison”)
Ivanowsky
49
Basic unit of virus
virion
50
who discover bacteriophage
Frederick Twort deHerrell
51
discovered Penicillin
Alexander Fleming
52
Discovery of prions
1957
53
Discovery of Archaeans
1977
54
Discovery of Viroid (first found in QC province)
1985
55
10x smaller to eukaryotic cells
EUBACTERIA
56
multiplication of bacteria that pinch out
Binary fission
57
like a virus Causes Q-fever
Rickettsia
58
when the DNA is situated
w/ single strand circular DNA, plasmid, mesosome, 70S ribosomes, and granules
Nucleoid
59
situated in the plasma membrane
Mesosome
60
extrachromosomal DNA; causes them to multiply quickly; used for biotechnology (Insulin production and alcanivorax)
Plasmid
61
X-linked diseases – colorblindness, G6PD
EUKARYA
62
Lipid Bilayer Trilaminar (Phosphate heads, Lipids, and proteins)
cell membrane
63
Translucent, aqueous, homogenous gel
Cytoplasm
64
liquid portion of the cytoplasm; accounts for about 55% of the total cell volume
Cytosol
65
controls all chem. Rxns (Genetic material; central dogma).
Nucleus
66
responsible for RNA and ribosomal synthesis
Nucleolus
67
(Female humans only has this) - formed due to deactivated X-chromosomes to prevent abnormal manifestations
Barr bodies
68
Contains the genes (basic unit of heredity). Double helix (which are anti-parallel to each other)
Chromosome/DNA
69
protein that covers the sugar and phosphate backbone
Histone
70
acts a vehicle and protection for the mRNA from getting eaten by the cytoplasmic enzyme
Vault
71
Where transcription happens
Messenger RNA
72
Glycoproteins and phospholipids synthesis and protein synthesis w transport
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
73
Fatty acids and steroids (protein and fat based) synthesis; removes PO4 (from G6P); Stores/released of Ca2+ from muscle
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
74
Stacks of membranous sac (w/ cisternae); “package center of the cell” (quality-control)
Golgi Apparatus/Dictyosome
75
increases the surface area
Cisternae
76
“Power house of the cell” site of aerobic cellular respiration; with cristae and matrix
Mitochondria
77
CHON/Protein Synthesis
Ribosome
78
tiny barrel-like; with proteases; quality checks the proteins made by ribosome
Proteasome
79
w/ oxidases and catalases Cell detoxifier; Rich in the liver
Peroxisome
80
storage
Vacuoles
81
- food (cell eating)
- water (cell drinkin)
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
82
“suicide bag”
has the ability to eat the damaged parts of the cell (autophagocytosis)
Lysosome
83
permanent destruction of the entire cell
Autolysis
84
- only in animals
- protein in centriole: tubulin
Centrioles
85
Mitotic spindle and microtubule formation during mitosis, migration in the opposite direction for equal distribution and acts as a guide
CELL DIVISION
86
maintains shape; general organization of cell; movement (aflagellar)
Cytoskeleton
87
moved fluid over cell surface (undulating movement)
Cilia
88
Lifespan of a cell
Cell Cycle
89
all 46 chromosomes except the gonads (sperm and egg - 23)
Autosomes
90
tail to move (in sperm cells)
Flagella
91
- Active metabolism occurs (growing)
- Doubling membranes; Proteins, lipids,
phosphate synthesis
- Chromosomes become thread-like
(Chromatins)
G1 Phase
92
- DNA replication;
- Granules double (so that when mitosis occurs, there will still be 46 chromosomes)
Synthesis Phase
93
Second growth phase of the cell in
preparation for mitosis
G2 Phase
94
the time during which the cell prepares for division by undergoing both cell growth and DNA replication
Interphase
95
cell division
Mitosis
96
- Nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappears;
- Centrioles split, moving to opposite
directions w/ spindle fibers radiating into it; o
- Chromosome thickens and shortens (for easy
breaking) for the daughter cells
Prophase
97
is the point of attachment
Centromere
98
is the protein circling around the centromere (spindle fibers guiding for equal distribution)
Kinetochore
99
Alignment of chromosomes at the equatorial
plates
Metaphase
100
- Shortest stage of mitosis;
- Migration of split chromosomes to the
centrioles into opposite poles
Anaphase
101
Reverse of prophase – envelope and nucleolus appears;
Telophase
102
nuclear division; appearance of the nuclear envelope
Karyokinesis
103
cellular division
Cytokinesis
104
- Non-photosynthetic; many are saprophytic – eat dead animals (decomposers)
- E.g. Mushroom, yeast, filamentous molds and mildews
fungi
105
- Protozoan (not all), worms and insects
- Have sterols in their membranes, no cell walls
parasites
106
outer surface; common also to fungi and bacteria
pellicle
107
W/ outer surface: Pellicle (common also to fungi and bacteria)
Unicellular; divide via binary/multiple fission or
conjugation
Protozoans
108
one morphologic forms of protozoans
infective stage (how one got it)
Cyst
109
one morphologic forms of protozoan
pathogenic stage (being sick)
Trophozoite
110
- w/ cellulose outer membrane
- Described as plant-like (many w/ Chlorophyll)
- Do not have true roots, stems and leaves
Algae
111
- Unicellular algae
- w/ SiO2 cell wall (utilized in filtration system, insulationand abrasives)
- Benthic (“free swimming”)
diatoms
112
phytoplankton group; giving O2 to
the atmosphere; impt link in food chain
Dinoflagellates
113
Pyrodinium bahamense, Gonyaulax
catanella, G. Tamarenis, Phthydiscus breve – w/
“saxitoxin”
Red Tide
114
Spherical/round-shaped
Cocci
115
Rod shaped; cylindrical; do not exhibit typical arrangements
Bacilli
116
- Fluid-filled space between the
outer and inner plasma
membrane.
- Contains enzyme for breaking
down bulk molecules; enzyme
that inactivates antibody.
Periplasmic Space
117
– Short rod
E.g. Hemophilus | Bordetella
substances such as sugars and
amines.
Coccobacilli
118
curved and spiral shaped (e.g. Treponema, Leptospira, Borrelia Vibrio)
Spirilla
119
club-shaped (Chinese letter arrangements)
Corynebacterium
120
found on the other leaflet of the outer membrane; responsible for endotoxin activity
Lipid A (glycolipid)
121
(polysaccharide of repeating units) – the inner core component part of the outer membrane
O-Antigen
122
comprised the inner leaflet of the outer membrane; with special protein channels – allowing passage of small
Lipopolysaccharide A
123
- with waxy mycolic acids (lipid ring;
hydrophobic) in its outer peptidoglycan layer
- protection against harsh chemicals like strong
acids and detergents
Acid Fast Bacilli
124
Projecting out from the capsule; organ for locomotion
BACTERIAL FLAGELLA
125
- Common to gram (-)
- Fine and short comparing to flagella
PILI (FIMBRAE)
126
adherence to cell surface (pili)
Common pili
127
attachment to other bacterium (conjugation) (pili)
Sex pili
128
Composed of bundles of fibrils (arising from the end of the cell and spiraling around it
The rotation is producing a forward propelling
AXIAL FILAMENT
129
Common to certain Gram (+) and Actinomycetes
BACTERIAL SPORES
130
obligatory aerobes) – Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium
Aerobic
131
Cannot grow w/ O2; most supragingival plaques
Anaerobic
132
Do not actually require O2 for growth but
utilized them when available (most intestinal flora)
Facultative Anaerobic
133
Can grow under condition of low O2 tension
Microaerophilic
134
CO2 (carbon dioxide) for growth
Capnophilic
135
Temperature Requirement
- 4-30 degrees
Psychrophilic
136
Temperature Requirement
31- 50 degrees
Mesophilic
137
Temperature Requirement
- 51 degrees and above
Thermophilic
138
Adaption/acclimatization to new environment;
metabolically active but do not multiply
Lag Phase
139
Exponential growth
Log Phase
140
- Steady state
- Growth = Death
- Start of nutrient depletion and toxic production
Stationary Phase
141
Death; increase toxic waste and accumulation
Decline Phase
142
Requires living tissue to be alive
In Vivo
143
Formed in test tubes
In Vitro
144
one of the deadliest bacteria
anthrax
145
got the idea of staining method
karl weigert
146
First photosynthetic organism to thrive
Prokaryotes (Cyanobacteria)
