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BIO109 > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Most animals develop from a single cell, fertilized egg called a

A

Zygote

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2
Q

The study of animal development has traditionally been called

A

Embryology (fertilization birth)

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3
Q

The Stages of Animal Development

A
  1. Fertilization
  2. Cleavage
  3. Gastrulation
  4. Organogenesis
  5. Metamorphosis (in some species)
    - Larval Stages -> Maturity
  6. Gametogenesis
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4
Q

Stimulates the egg to begin development

A

Fertilization

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5
Q

Location of germ cells

A

Blastula

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6
Q

The course of an organism’s development from inception to adulthood.
- Developmental biology is closely related to

A

Ontogeny

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7
Q

Definition of Developmental biology stated by Gilbert (2006)

A

The discipline that studied embryonic and other developmental processes

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8
Q

It studies the genetic control of cell growth, differentiation and morphogenesis (which is the process that gives rise to tissues, organs and anatomy.)

A

Modern developmental biology

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9
Q

Developmental biology or Embryology?

  • observational biology
  • experimental manipulations
A

Embryology

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10
Q

Developmental biology or Embryology?

  • expands embryological studies using ____
  • used _____ to study model organisms
A

Developmental biology
- molecular techniques; genetic approaches

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11
Q

Some of the model systems used to study developmental biology

A

Drosophila melanogaster
Hydra Vulgaris
Stem cells of Homo sapiens
…..

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12
Q

Development accomplishes two objectives:
1. It generates __________ within each generation
2. It ensures the__________ from one generation to the next

A

cellular diversity and order
continuity of life

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13
Q

2 fundamental questions in developmental biology

A
  1. How does a fertilized egg become an adult body?
  2. How does that adult body produce yet another body?
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14
Q

Developmental biology is DEFINED by the questions asked:

A

Differentiation
Morphogenesis
Growth
Reproduction
Regeneration
Evolution
Environmental integration

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15
Q

_____ is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another.
- A process in which cells develop their specialized shapes and functions

A

Cellular differentiation

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16
Q

Generation of cellular diversity

A

Differentiation

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17
Q

Processes by which order is created in the developing organism
Differentiated cells organize into tissues, organs systems, organism as a whole.

A

Morphogenesis

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18
Q

The gradual increase in size or number of an animal or vegetable body over time

A

Growth

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19
Q

Types of Growth:
1. Different growth rates of parts with the same organism.
- Change in shape during ontogeny (ratio between parts changes as the size increase)
- Relatively common

  1. All components grow at the same rate
    - No change in shape during ontogeny (ratio between parts does not change as the size increase)
    - The shape is preserved
    - Relatively uncommon
A
  1. Allometric growth
  2. Isometric growth
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20
Q

Major example of allometric growth

A

Human development/growth

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21
Q

“How are these cells set apart to form the next generation?”
“What are the instructions in the nucleus and cytoplasm that allow them to function that way?”

A

The question of Reproduction

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22
Q

Some organisms and some cells in our bodies- stem cells- are able to form new structures even in adults. This question is about-

Example:
The ____ can regrow a perfectly constructed limb following its amputation

A

Regeneration

The Mexican Salamander

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23
Q

Survivability of evolutionary mutations is limited by restraints of embryogenesis

A

The question of Evolution

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24
Q

Early development of many organisms is influenced by environmental cues.

Example: ___

A

The question of Environmental integration

Color/ shape of butterfly larvae
- Monarch Butterflies (Danaus plexippus)

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25
Q

Approaches to Developmental Biology/ Three major approaches to studying embryology

A
  1. Anatomical approaches
  2. Experimental approaches
  3. Genetic approaches
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26
Q

Anatomical approach:

  1. The study of how anatomy changes during the development of different organisms
A

Comparative embryology

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27
Q

Anatomical approach:

  1. The study of how changes in development may cause evolutionary change and of how an organism’s ancestry may constrain the type of changes that are possible.
A

Evolutionary embryology

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28
Q

Historical Backgrounds:

_____ observed different ways animals are born.

  1. Eggs hatch outside the mother
  2. Growth in placenta live birth
  3. Eggs hatch inside the mother
A

Aristotle
1. Oviparity
2. Viviparity
3. Ovoviviparity

29
Q

Comparative embryology
_____ identified the 2 major cell division patterns by which embryos are form:

  1. The entire egg is divided into successively smaller cells, as it is in frogs and mammals.
  2. Only part of the egg is destined to become the embryo while the other portion- the yolk- serves as nutrition for the embryo eg. reptiles and birds
A

Aristotle
1. Holoblastic pattern of cleavage
2. Meroblastic pattern of cleavage

30
Q

Analogous vs Homologous

A

Analogous- have similar functions but different evolutionary origins

Homologous - have similar origins but may serve different functions in different organisms.

31
Q

Anatomical approach:

  1. Study of birth defects
A

Teratology

32
Q

Anatomical approach:

  1. Seeks to describe developmental phenomena in terms of equations.
A

Mathematical modeling of development

33
Q

Teratology: Genetic malformations and Syndromes

  • Dominant mutation in a gene (KIT) in the long arm of chromosome 4.
  • Proliferation and migration of ____, ____, and _____
A

Piebaldism (Kit gene)

neural crest cells, germ cell precursors and blood cell precursors.

34
Q

_____
- Abnormalities caused by exogenous agents.
- Agents responsible for disruption are called _____
- Study of how environmental agents disrupt normal development.

A

Distruptions
- Teratogens
- Teratology

35
Q
  • Hypnotic agent widely used in Europe 1959
  • Infants born with this syndrome or _____
  • Limb abnormalities

Perons:

A

Thalidomide
focomelia/phocomelia

Mcbride & Lenz

36
Q

He believed that the embryo began development by extracting ____ and_____ from the mother and he identified a series of condensations and fires that were responsible for the development of _____ in the embryo and fetus. He also supported the view that the human fetus gained nourishment by _______ from the ______.

A

Hippocrates

moisture & breath
bones, belly, and circulation

sucking blood, placenta

37
Q

He tried to explain development in terms of the principles of heat, wetness and solidification.

A

Hippocrates

38
Q

Aristotle established ____ as an independent field;
figured out the functions of ____ and the _____
and he defined ____ and ____

A

Embryology

placenta and the umbilical cord

Epigenesis and Preformation

39
Q

He concluded that all animals originate from eggs (even mammals)
- motto on the frontpiece of Harvey’s on the generation of living creatures.

A

William Harvey

40
Q

William Harvey is the first to see the ____ if the chick embryo
- he also suggested that the _____ might function as a _____ for the embryo

A

Blastoderm

Amniotic fluid, shock absorber

41
Q

The layer of cells that develops on the surface of the yolk in an avian or reptilian egg and gives rise to the germinal disk from which the embryo develops

A

Blastoderm

42
Q

He drew the first micrograph of developing chick embryos and published the first microscopic account of chick development in 1672
- He also ignited a debate between preformationist vs. epigenesist

A

Marcello Malphigi

43
Q

Marcello Malphigi identified the (3)

A

-The neural groove (precursor of the neural tube)
- The muscle-forming somites
- The first circulation of the arteries and veins (to and from the yolk)

44
Q

The body is already patterned in miniature, within the early embryo.
- No evolution
- All creations are created at the same time

A

Preformationism

45
Q

The structures of the body arise de novo (from scratch) at each generation during embryogenesis.
That an embryo develops progressively from an undifferentiated egg cell.

A

Epigenesis

46
Q

The first embryologist:
He visualized epigenesis of embryonic germ layer

  • the embryonic germ layers and its kuan
A

Christian pander

Ectoderm =outer layer epidermis, forms the brain nervous system

Endoderm = inner layer digestive system, lungs

Mesoderm = middle layer muscle, bone, connective tissue, heart, kidney,

47
Q

Christian pander discovered

A

Tissue Interaction (Induction)

48
Q

The first embryologist:
He observed the development of frogs, salamanders, fish, turtles, birds and mammals

A

Heinrich Rathke

49
Q

He discovered pharyngeal arches.
In fish, these arches give rise to gill apparatus
In humans, form jaw, ears and vertebrate skull.

A

Heinrich Rathke

50
Q

Development of pituitary gland named after Heinrich rathke

A

Rathke’s pouch

51
Q

Father of Developmental Biology

A

Karl Ernst von Baer

52
Q

He expanded Pander’s studies of Chick embryos
- Identifies notochord, rod of dorsal most mesoderm tissue
- ______ divides embryo in right and left sides, instructs ectoderm above it to differentiate into nerve tissue

A

Karl Ernst von Baer
Notochord

53
Q

He discovered mammalian egg
He studied all vertebrate embryos

A

Karl Ernst von Baer

54
Q

The Four Principles of Karl Ernst von Baer
1. The _____ of a large of animals appear ______ than do the ______ of a smaller group.

  • All developing vertebrates appear very similar shortly after ____
  • All vertebrate embryos have (4)
A

The general features of a large of animals appear earlier in development than do the specialized features of a smaller group.

Gastrulation

Pharyngeal arches, notochord, spinal cord and primitive kidneys

55
Q

The Four Principles of Karl Ernst von Baer
2. Less general characters develop from the more general, ____

example: All vertebrates have the same kind of ____ and ___

A

until the most specialized appear.

Skin and Limbs

56
Q

The Four Principles of Karl Ernst von Baer
3. The ______, instead of passing through the adult stages of lower animals, departs more and more from _____

Example: Human embryo does not go through adult stages of

A

embryo of a given species
lower animals
lower animals

57
Q

The Four Principles of Karl Ernst von Baer
4. Therefore, the early embryo of a higher animal is ________, but only like its early embryo.

Example: Embryo of a human is similar to embryos of lower animals in some stages.

A

never like a fully formed lower animal

58
Q

Von Baer recognized that there is common pattern to all vertebrate development:

A

each of the three germ layers give rise to the same organs whether the organism itself is a fish, a frog, or a chick.

59
Q

Epigenesis of embryonic germ layers

A
  1. Ectoderm = outer layer
    Epidermis, forms the brain nervous system
  2. Endoderm = inner layer
    Digestive system, lungs
  3. Mesoderm = middle layer = muscle, bone, connective tissue, heart, kidney, gonad
60
Q

A _____ is the developmental history of a differentiated cell as traced back to the cell from which it arises.

A

Cell lineage

61
Q

Process whereby cells or groups of cells are marked and followed through several developmental changes to determine properties of descendants: what they become and where they go

A

Fate mapping

62
Q

Fate mapping is a bases for ____ since it provide with the info on which portions of the embryo become which larval of adult structures.

A

Experimental embryology

63
Q

Fate mapping of the Embryo
Using dyes to observe cells in amphibian embryos.

He traced the fate of different areas of amphibian eggs (1929)

A
  1. Vital dyes
  2. Flourescent Dyes

Vogt

64
Q

Fate mapping of the Embryo:
Chimeric embryos made from grafting tissues obtained from different but genetically similar organisms

A

Genetic Marking

65
Q

Genetic markers as cell lineage tracers (example)
____: Graft of quail cells inside of a chicken embryo. Also called ____ embryos

A

Chimeric embryos
mosaic

66
Q

Fate mapping of the Embryo:
____________________________
______ refers to an organism or cell whose genome has been altered by the introduction of one or more foreign DNA sequences from another species by artificial means.

A

Fate mapping with transgenic DNA chimeras

Transgenic

67
Q

Fate mapping with transgenic DNA shows that the ____ is critical in making _____

A

neural crest
gut neurons

68
Q

FATE MAPPING OF THE EMBRYO (WAYS)

A
  1. Direct Observation of Living Embryos (Edwin G. Conklin)
  2. Using Dyes to Observe Cells: Vital Dyes (Vogt)
  3. Fluorescent Dyes
  4. Genetic Marking
  5. Fate mapping with transgenic DNA chimeras

BIO109 (4 decks)

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