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CC1 > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

● Almost half of US hospitals had laboratories
● Clinical methods for measuring phosphorus and magnesium
● Several methods for determining urine analytes had been developed
● Otto Folin

A

1920s

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2
Q

● Ephesus - hematuria - presence of blood in urine

A

AD. 50

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3
Q

● Laboratory medicine became more accepted

A

1850

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4
Q

● Determinations of ALP, ACP, LPS, AMS, and blood ammonia
● Refractometer: used for measuring protein in urine ● Beckman Instruments: founded and introduced the first pH meter to measure the acidity and alkalinity of fluids

A

1930s

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5
Q

The clear amber liquid which is derived from whole blood that has been collected in the presence of an anticoagulant.

A

Plasma

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6
Q

● Hippocrates - Father of Medicine
● Attributing disease to abnormalities in the body fluids

A

300 BC

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7
Q

A material, generally serum based with an accurately assigned analytical value, used to calibrate
diagnostic assays.

A

Calibrator

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8
Q

● Perkin-Elmer introduced the atomic absorption spectrophotometer for determination of calcium and magnesium
● Laser was developed, and the first mechanical pipette, the Auto Dilutor, was put into use
● Becton Dickinson: introduced the disposable needle and syringe
● IBM: disk storage for computers
● DuPont: first random-access analyzer

A

1960s

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9
Q

● Microscope was invented ● Circulation of blood throughout the body was described
● Method of precipitating urine protein by heat and acid was discovered

A

1600s

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10
Q

An aqueous solution containing a known level or concentration of analyte that will not change
and can be used to calculate diagnostic results.

A

Standard

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11
Q

TYPES OF GLASSWARE
made to be used and discarded

no cleaning is necessary

A

Disposable glassware

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12
Q

Tests that are performed only on certain days even in the larger laboratories

A

Special

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13
Q

Any biochemical compound which plays a key role in the metabolism of the body.

A

Metabolite

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14
Q

TYPES OF GLASSWARE
with silica and boron trioxide

When heated above 500 C the glass may acquire permanent
stresses on cooling.

highly resistant to water, neutral and acid solutions, concentrated acids and
their mixtures as well as to chlorine, bromine, iodine and organic matters.

appears consequently clear and colourless.

A

Borosilicate

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15
Q

The chemical substance being measured in an assay, usually contained in blood or other body fluids.

A

Analyte

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16
Q

The process of detecting errors in any manufacturing or operational system.

A

Quality Control

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17
Q

TYPES OF GLASSWARE
Known for its excellent chemical and physical properties

resist the impact of chemical medium and temperature differences
momentarily

Lower energy
demand and longer working times

most inexpensive type

can be recycled easily

A

Soda-lime glass

18
Q

Tests that are frequently ordered

A

Routine

19
Q

A component of a kit used to carry out a chemical reaction to determine levels of different analytes

A

Reagent

20
Q

TYPES OF GLASSWARE
96% Silica Dioxide
15% Sodium Oxide (Soda)
9% Calcium Oxide (Lime)

can be used continuously at 9000C, and intermittently to 12000C

A

Vycor Glass

21
Q

● American College of Surgeons required hospitals to have an adequately equipped and staffed laboratory

A

1918

22
Q

The addition of water to a freeze-dried reagent or control material to return it to its former condition.

A

Reconstitution

23
Q

Tests that provide
an actual number that represents the amount of a substance present in the body.

A

Quantitative

24
Q

Agreement between your test result value and the true value

A

Accuracy

25
Q

The clear amber liquid that is derived from clotted blood by centrifuging and removing the red blood cells.

A

Serum

26
Q

● Tracking quality control easier, Levey and Jennings adapted the Shewhart QC chart
● Measure several enzymes

A

1950

27
Q

The division of a sample into at least two smaller size vials.

A

Aliquot

28
Q

Refers to the reproducibility of test results and is a measure of how disperse the values are

A

Precision

29
Q

It is used to describe the highest concentration, at which a reaction is still measurable.

A

Linearity

30
Q

TYPES OF GLASSWARE
has aluminum oxide

similar to borosilicate glass
but it has greater chemical durability and can withstand higher operating temperatures.

-Higher maximum operating temperature than borosilicate glass
-Particularly suitable for use as a gauge glass
-High silica content
-Comparable to fused quartz in its heat resistance, chemical stability, and electrical
characteristics
-Strengthened chemically rather than thermally
-Used for high-precision analytical work
-Radiation-resistant and can also be used for optical reflectors and mirrors

A

Alumina-Silicate Glass

31
Q

● Observation of urine samples

A

400 BC

32
Q

● Sugar was responsible for the sweetness of urine of some patients (diabetes)
● First tests for sugar in urine, using yeasts, were also developed

A

1700s

33
Q

A liquid solution containing a combination of chemicals, which control and maintain the pH of any other solution it is added to.

A

Buffer

34
Q

● Photoelectric colorimeters
● Vacuum collection tubes ● College of American Pathologists (CAP) and the American Association of Clinical Chemistry (AACC)

A

1940s

35
Q

● Measure blood triglycerides
● AutoAnalyzer, was introduced by Technicon Corporation
● Flame photometry was applied to automated methods

A

Late 1950s

36
Q

TYPES OF GLASSWARE
tinted dark brown or
amber

to protect light-sensitive
chemical compounds from getting altered by infrared
radiation, visible light and ultraviolet radiation.

high thermal resistance with a red color

A

Low actinic glass

37
Q

Refers to a material that has been freeze-dried

A

Lyophilised

38
Q

Tests that indicates the presence or absence of specific chemicals.

A

Qualitative

39
Q

A serum based material with assigned target values and acceptable ranges to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of a diagnostic assay.

A

Control

40
Q

● Most laboratory tests were performed by physicians using a microscope in their homes or offices

A

1890s

41
Q

A diagnostic test to measure the concentration or level of a particular analyte.

A

Assay

CC1 (1 decks)

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