Introduction

Question 1

What are some of the benefits of using microservices in application architecture?

Answer 1

Benefits of microservices include better fault tolerance, scalability, and the ability to use different programming languages for each microservice.

Question 2

What is the Strangler pattern, and how can it be used to transform a monolithic system into microservices?

Answer 2

The Strangler pattern involves gradually extracting functionality from a monolithic system and migrating it to microservices while routing calls through a facade. This pattern allows for a smooth transformation.

Question 3

What is one of the key challenges in transitioning to a microservices architecture?

Answer 3

One of the challenges is ensuring that the system can survive if one microservice goes down, as there are multiple smaller points of potential failure.

Question 4

What is meant by “immutable infrastructure” in the context of Cloud Native?

Answer 4

Immutable infrastructure means that instead of updating components, you replace them with newer versions, which helps maintain consistency and reliability.

Question 5

What is the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF), and what does it provide?

Answer 5

CNCF is an organization that hosts open-source projects related to cloud-native technologies. It provides a wide range of projects and resources for cloud-native development.

Question 6

What are some of the steps outlined in the Cloud Native trail map for transitioning to a cloud-native architecture?

Answer 6

Steps include containerization, automation, using an orchestrator like Kubernetes, adding observability, and implementing security policies.

Question 7

What are some of the benefits of Cloud Native architecture?

Answer 7

Benefits include speed, agility, the ability to release features faster, and the use of modern development practices.

Question 8

What is the primary advantage of using containers in application deployment?

Answer 8

Containers provide a consistent and isolated environment for running applications, ensuring that they behave the same way regardless of the underlying infrastructure.

Question 9

How does Cloud Native architecture promote faster feature releases?

Answer 9

Cloud Native architecture promotes faster feature releases by using modern development practices, automation, and continuous integration and delivery (CI/CD) techniques.

Question 10

Why is it important to use an orchestrator like Kubernetes in a Cloud Native environment?

Answer 10

Orchestrators like Kubernetes automate the deployment, scaling, and management of containers, making it easier to manage complex microservices applications.

Question 11

What is observability in the context of Cloud Native architecture, and why is it important?

Answer 11

Observability refers to the ability to monitor and understand what is happening within a system. It is crucial for detecting issues, debugging, and ensuring system reliability.

Question 12

How does the concept of “immutable infrastructure” differ from traditional infrastructure management?

Answer 12

Immutable infrastructure involves replacing components with newer versions rather than updating them in place, which reduces complexity and enhances reliability.

Question 13

What are some of the key considerations when implementing security in a Cloud Native environment?

Answer 13

Implementing security policies, ensuring secure communication between microservices, and managing access control are essential considerations for security in Cloud Native architecture.

Question 14

What are the categories of projects in the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF), and what do they represent?

Answer 14

CNCF projects are categorized as sandbox, incubating, and graduated, representing their maturity levels and adoption within the community.

Question 15

What is the significance of following the CNCF Twitter feed for a project?

Answer 15

Following the CNCF project’s Twitter feed provides updates, news, and announcements related to that project, keeping users informed about developments and releases.

Question 16

How does the concept of “cattle vs. pet” apply to containerized applications in Cloud Native architecture?

Answer 16

In Cloud Native architecture, containers are treated like cattle, meaning they are replaced with newer versions when necessary, rather than being treated as pets that are carefully maintained and patched.

Question 17

What is the role of a facade in the Strangler pattern for transitioning from a monolithic system to microservices?

Answer 17

A facade routes calls from the legacy system to the new microservices, allowing for a gradual migration of functionality.

Question 18

What is the main goal of a Cloud Native application architecture?

Answer 18

The main goal of a Cloud Native application architecture is to enable faster development, deployment, and scalability of applications using modern practices and cloud infrastructure.

Question 19

What are some of the challenges associated with transitioning from a monolithic system to a microservices architecture?

Answer 19

Challenges include added complexity, potential domino effects from changes, implementing DevOps and CI/CD practices, and ensuring proper testing and security.

Question 20

Why is clean code important in Cloud Native development?

Answer 20

Clean code promotes maintainability and understanding of the codebase, which is essential for rapid development and troubleshooting in Cloud Native environments.

Question 21

How does observability contribute to the reliability of a Cloud Native system?

Answer 21

Observability allows for real-time monitoring and troubleshooting, helping to identify and resolve issues quickly, thereby improving system reliability.

Question 22

What is meant by the term “vendor lock-in,” and why is it a concern in Cloud Native architecture?

Answer 22

Vendor lock-in refers to being tied to a specific vendor’s technologies or services, limiting flexibility. In Cloud Native, avoiding vendor lock-in is important to maintain freedom of choice and reduce dependency.

Question 23

What role does automation play in Cloud Native development practices?

Answer 23

Automation streamlines processes, such as deployment and scaling, ensuring rapid development and reducing the risk of human errors.

Question 24

What are some key principles of Domain-Driven Design (DDD) that can be applied in Cloud Native development?

Answer 24

DDD principles, such as bounded contexts, aggregates, and ubiquitous language, can help define clear boundaries and improve the design of microservices.

Question 25

What are some advantages of using Kubernetes as an orchestrator for containerized applications?

Answer 25

Kubernetes provides automated scaling, load balancing, self-healing, and efficient resource management for containerized applications.

Question 26

Why is security a top priority in Cloud Native architecture, and what are some security best practices?

Answer 26

Security is crucial to protect microservices and data. Best practices include implementing authentication, authorization, encryption, and continuous monitoring.

Question 27

What are containers, and why are they useful?

Answer 27

Containers are lightweight units of deployment that contain everything needed to run code. They are useful because they are faster to deploy, use fewer resources, and are isolated from each other.

Question 28

How do containers differ from virtual machines (VMs)?

Answer 28

Containers are different from VMs because they share the host OS kernel, start quickly, use less memory, and have a smaller footprint compared to VMs.

Question 29

What is a container registry, and why is it important?

Answer 29

A container registry is a centralized repository for container images. It’s important because it allows you to store, share, and distribute container images, making them easily accessible to others.

Question 30

What is Docker, and what components does it consist of?

Answer 30

Docker is a platform that includes a container runtime, command-line tools, Dockerfiles, and Docker Hub. It simplifies the process of building, deploying, and managing containers.

Question 31

How can you install Docker on your machine?

Answer 31

You can install Docker on your machine by downloading Docker Desktop from the official Docker website and following the installation instructions for your operating system.

Question 32

What is Docker Desktop, and what does it offer?

Answer 32

Docker Desktop is a tool that provides a container runtime, a graphical user interface, and Kubernetes support for running containers on Windows and macOS.

Question 33

What are some essential Docker CLI commands for getting information about Docker?

Answer 33

Essential Docker CLI commands for information include docker info, docker version, and docker login.

Question 34

How can you log in to a Docker registry, and why is it useful?

Answer 34

You can log in to a Docker registry using the docker login command. It’s useful because it allows you to access and authenticate with container registries like Docker Hub.

Question 35

What is the purpose of the docker pull command, and how does it work?

Answer 35

The docker pull command is used to download container images from a registry. It works by fetching the required image layers and caching them locally.

Question 36

How do you run a container in the background using Docker CLI?

Answer 36

You can run a container in the background using the docker run -d command, which detaches the container and returns your terminal prompt.

Question 37

What command can you use to list running containers, and how do you include stopped containers in the list?

Answer 37

You can use the docker ps command to list running containers. To include stopped containers, use the -a or –all flag.

Question 38

How do you stop a running container using Docker CLI?

Answer 38

You can stop a running container by using the docker stop command followed by the container’s name or ID.

Question 39

What command can you use to remove a stopped container, and what is a prerequisite for removing a container?

Answer 39

You can use the docker rm command to remove a stopped container. The prerequisite is that the container must be in the stopped state.

Question 40

How can you clean up unused container images from your system?

Answer 40

You can clean up unused container images by using the docker image prune or docker system prune command.

Question 41

How can you attach a shell to a running container in Docker CLI?

Answer 41

You can attach a shell to a running container using the docker exec -it command followed by the container’s name or ID and the shell you want to run (e.g., /bin/bash).

Question 42

What is the purpose of the docker container exec command, and how does it differ from docker exec?

Answer 42

The docker container exec command is used to execute a command in a running container. It differs from docker exec by explicitly mentioning “container” and can be useful for clarity.

Question 43

How can you remove a container and its associated volumes using Docker CLI?

Answer 43

You can remove a container and its associated volumes by using the docker rm -v command followed by the container’s name or ID.

Question 44

What is the purpose of the docker rmi command, and how does it work?

Answer 44

The docker rmi command is used to remove container images. It works by specifying the image’s name or ID to delete it from your local image cache.

Question 45

How can you run an Nginx web server as a Docker container?

Answer 45

You can run an Nginx web server as a Docker container using the docker run command with the nginx image, mapping port 80 to a local port, and specifying a container name.

Question 46

What is the purpose of mapping ports when running a container, and how do you do it in Docker CLI?

Answer 46

Mapping ports allows you to access container services from your local machine. You can map ports in Docker CLI using the -p or –publish flag followed by the host port and container port (e.g., -p 8080:80).

Question 47

How can you execute a shell inside a running container, and what is the significance of the -it flags?

Answer 47

You can execute a shell inside a running container using the docker exec -it command. The -it flags enable an interactive shell session, allowing you to interact with the container’s terminal.

Question 48

How can you stop and remove a running Docker container?

Answer 48

To stop and remove a running Docker container, you can use the docker stop command followed by the container’s name or ID, and then the docker rm command.

Question 49

What is the purpose of the docker container prune command?

Answer 49

The docker container prune command is used to remove all stopped containers, freeing up resources and cleaning your system.

Question 50

How can you remove unused Docker images from your local system?

Answer 50

You can remove unused Docker images by using the docker image prune or docker system prune command, which deletes images that are not associated with any running containers.

Question 51

What is Docker Hub, and what is its role in container image distribution?

Answer 51

Docker Hub is a cloud-based container registry that serves as a central repository for storing, sharing, and distributing container images. It plays a vital role in making container images readily available to the Docker community.

Question 52

What is Kubernetes (K8s), and how does it relate to Docker?

Answer 52

Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration platform that automates the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications. While Docker provides the container runtime, Kubernetes manages the orchestration of containers in a cluster.

Question 53

What are some key concepts in Kubernetes, and why are they important?

Answer 53

Key concepts in Kubernetes include nodes, pods, services, and deployments. They are important because they define the architecture and behavior of containerized applications within a Kubernetes cluster.