Introduction

Question 1

define statistics

Answer 1

describing event amthematically

Question 2

define observation

Answer 2

entity to be measured

Question 3

define measurement

Answer 3

act of assigning numbers of observations systematically

Question 4

define datum and data

Answer 4

a single measurement and plural

Question 5

define constant

Answer 5

observations that have uniform values

Question 6

define varaible

Answer 6

observations that have non-uniform values

Question 7

define quantitative variable

Answer 7

observation that can be counted; values reflect difference in degree, ex. reaction time

Question 8

define qualitative varaible

Answer 8

observations that can be categorized; values reflect difference in kind, ex. gender

Question 9

define discrete variable

Answer 9

observations take separated values only, no values exist between, ex. family members

Question 10

define continuos variable

Answer 10

infinite numbers of values exist between any two observations; where the number of decimals determines precision, ex. weight

Question 11

define real limits

Answer 11

boundaries of intervale for scores from a continuous variables located between two adjacent scores
upper: 150.5
real: 150
lower: 149.5

Question 12

define nominal scale

Answer 12

• grouping into categoires with equal attributes
• numbers are arbitrary
• qualitative and discrete
• unique

Question 13

define ordinal scale

Answer 13

• observations are rank ordered
• numbers can have more or less of some attribute (intervals between = irregular differences)
• quantitative and discrete
  ex. social economic status (low, med, high)
• unique and order

Question 14

define interval scale

Answer 14

• different magnitude of an attribute (equal distance between number = equal distance in attribute)
• arbitrary zero
• quantitative and continuos
• ex. degrees celsuis
• unique, order and equal intervals

Question 15

define ratio scale

Answer 15

• equal amount of attribute from absolute zero
• true zero
• quantitative and continuos
• ex. degrees Kelvin
• unique, order, equal intervals and true zero

Question 16

what are the 4 properties of numbers?

Answer 16

unique, order, equal intervals (add/subtract) and true zero (multiply/divide)

Question 17

can you go from a ratio scale to ordinal and vice versa?

Answer 17

You can go from ratio to ordinal because you are going from high precision to low precision, but you cannot go the other way become you cant make something precise without it being precise to begin with.

Question 18

define description statistics

Answer 18

used to describe, summarise and simplify a set of observations
- central tendency: typical score
- variability: spread of score
- correlation: the relationship between variables

Question 19

define inferential statistics

Answer 19

used to infer characteristics about the population from a sample

Question 20

what is the difference between population and sample?

Answer 20

the population is the complete set of observations where the sample is a subset of observations taken to represent the population

Question 21

what is the difference between parameters and statistics?

Answer 21

the parameter describes the characteristics of the population using Greek letters, and statistics describes the corresponding characteristics of the sample using Roman letters

Question 22

define sampling error

Answer 22

discrepancy between sample statistics and its corresponding population parameter. it varies from sample to sample but there will always be error no matter what

Question 23

define commutative property of algebra

Answer 23

property of + and x, changing the order of terms does not change the sum or product

Question 24

define associative property of algebra

Answer 24

property of + and x, changing the grouping of terms doesn’t change the sum or product

Question 25

describe what Xij represents

Answer 25

Xij is the score for the iTH person on the jTH measure
- subscript i represents difference persons, ranges from 1 to n
- subscript j represents different observations, ranges from 1 to J