Introduction

Question 1

What are the major causes of dental diseases and caries

Answer 1

Diet
Plaque
Smoking

Question 2

What are the types of nutritional deficiency

Answer 2

Primary
-Inadequate selection of foods
-Age, income, education

Secondary
Systemic disorder interfering with
-Ingestion
-Digestion
Absorption
Transport
Use of nutrients

Question 3

What are some required nutrients

Answer 3

Calcium
Phosphorous
Vit A,C,D
Fluoride
Protein

Question 4

What are bad nutrients

Answer 4

CHO
Sweet + sticky
Sugars
Carbonated drinks
Fruit juices

Question 5

What does nutrition mean

Answer 5

Nutrition describes the processes whereby cellular organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and the body as a whole obtain and use necessary substances obtained from foods (nutrients) to maintain structural and functional integrity

Question 6

What are dietary allowances

Answer 6

Quantitative amounts for population subgroups for essential micronutrients, energy and protein primarily to prevent deficiencies​

Based on requirements but some countries consider prevention of chronic disease, others on essentiality for physiological requirements

Question 7

What are dietary goals

Answer 7

Quantified national targets for selected macronutrients and certain micronutrients aimed at preventing long term disease eg CHD. Often g/d or % of energy contribution eg Scottish dietary targets – increase F & V intake to more than 400 g/d​

Question 8

What are dietary guidlines

Answer 8

Targeted at individuals. Advisory statements for the whole population to promote overall nutritional well being and reduce diet related conditions. Broad targets, either qualitative or quantitative

Question 9

How much water does the eat-well guide recommend

Answer 9

6-8 cups a day

Question 10

What does SACN stand for

Answer 10

Scientific advisory committee on nutrition

Question 11

How are dietary reference values (DRVs) derived

Answer 11

Committee of experts is established

Review scientific evidence from research studies

They use their judgement to decide on:
which criteria to use to define adequacy​

estimate the average amount required to meet that criterion​

estimate the variation in requirement between individuals​

Question 12

What is ‘Optimal Nutrition’

Answer 12

The amount of a nutrient that:​

Prevents deficiency symptoms (traditional criterion)​
-Folic acid and megaloblastosis​

Optimizes stores in the body​
-Folic acid and plasma/tissue levels​

Optimizes biochemical or physiological function​
-Folic acid to minimize plasma homocysteine​

Optimizes a risk factor for a disease​
-Sodium to minimize hypertension​

Minimizes incidence of a disease​
-Folic acid to minimize NTD in newborns

Question 13

What are the limitations of DRVs

Answer 13

1. Only apply to healthy people
2. May not apply if other deficiencies (or excesses) exist​
3. Based on imperfect data​
4. Do not attempt to define an “optimal” amount for health
5. Lack of consistency in recommendations in different countries/committees

Question 14

When are dietary recommendations used

Answer 14

By governments & NGOs in provision of food aid, food supplements and rationing.​

By food industry in development & marketing of new food products.​

By caterers in devising nutritionally adequate menus.​

Nutrition labelling - DRVs used to derive guideline daily amounts (GDAs) used on nutrition labels​

In developing dietary guidelines & goals.​

By researchers & health professional in assessing the adequacy of diets of groups (or individuals but cautiously)​

Question 15

What can DRVs be adjusted for

Answer 15

Age and Gender ​

Breast/formula fed infants​

Body Weight e.g. energy, protein

Physical activity level (PAL) e.g. energy​

Pregnancy and lactation​

​Elderly

Question 16

ESTIMATED AVERAGE REQUIREMENT (EAR)

Answer 16

he mean or average requirement for a nutrient which will meet the needs of about half of a population​

Question 17

REFERENCE NUTRIENT INTAKE (RNI)

Answer 17

An intake of a nutrient calculated as two standard deviations (2sd) above the EAR which will meet the needs of most people (97.5%) in a population. Intakes above this level are almost certainly adequate for most individuals​

Question 18

LOWER REFERENCE NUTRIENT INTAKE (LRNI)

Answer 18

An intake of a nutrient calculated as two standard deviations (2sd) below the EAR which will meet the needs of few people (2.5%) in a population. Intakes below this level are almost certainly inadequate for most individuals​

Question 19

SAFE INTAKE

Answer 19

A level of a nutrient at which there is no risk of deficiency but below a level where there is a risk of undesirable effects​

Question 20

What are the criteria of accuracy

Answer 20

-needed to maintain a given circulating level, enzyme saturation or tissue concentration​

-associated with the absence of any signs of a deficiency disease​

-needed to maintain balance ​

-needed to cure a clinical deficiency​

-associated with an appropriate biological marker of nutritional adequacy