Introduction Flashcards
A computer blank consists of instructions executing one at a time.
program
Basic instruction types are what?
Input: A program gets data, perhaps from a file, keyboard, touchscreen, network, etc.
Process: A program performs computations on that data, such as adding two values like x + y.
Output: A program puts that data somewhere, such as to a file, screen, network, etc.
Programs use blank to refer to data, like x, y, and z
variables
blank, or creating a sequence of instructions to solve a problem, will become increasingly important for work and everyday life
computational thinking
A sequence of instructions that solves a problem is called an blank
algorithm
A blank is a graphical language for creating or viewing computer programs.
flowchart
A blank is a list of statements
program
In a program, each blank carries out some action and executing one at a time
statement
In a Coral flowchart, each statement is in a graphical blank, with different shapes for different types of statements.
node
For Coral, an blank runs a program’s statements.
interpreter
blank and blank are words for carrying out a program’s statements.
Run and execute
A program also has blank, each being a name that can hold a value,
variables
In a Coral flowchart, a parallelogram represents an blank, written as: variable = Get next input.
input statement
In a Coral flowchart, a parallelogram represents an blank, written as: Put item to output
output statement
A blank consists of text (characters) within double quotes, as in “Go #57!”.
string literal
A blank includes any letter (a-z, A-Z), digit (0-9), or symbol (~, !, @, etc.)
character
A blank indicates where the next output item will be placed in the output.
cursor
A blank is a special two-character sequence \n whose appearance in an output string literal causes the cursor to move to the next output line.
newline
Outputting a blank’s value is achieved via: Put x to output. No quotes.
variable
A blank is text a programmer adds to a program, to be read by humans to better understand the code, but ignored by the program when executing.
comment
In Coral, a comment starts with blank and includes all the subsequent text on that line. The comment must be on its own line.
//
Blank refers to blank spaces (space and tab characters) between items within a statement, and to newlines.
Whitespace
Whitespace helps improve blank for humans, but for execution purposes much whitespace is ignored.
readability
A common practice is to use exactly one space before and after each blank
operator
Blank originated from telephone switches in the early 1900’s. Engineers realized switches could be used for performing calculations, with a switch’s on position meaning 1 and the off position 0.
Computers
The first computers, built in the blank had thousands of switches and occupied entire rooms. Early computers were largely used for military purposes, like codebreaking in World War II, and calculating the paths of bombs.
1940s,
Engineers have reduced switch sizes by half about every 2 years, a trend known as blank
Moore’s Law
By the 1970’s, an entire computer could fit on one coin-sized device known as a blank
computer chip.
Today, that 1940’s room-sized computer could fit on a chip smaller than a blank.
pinhead
Civilization’s earlier blank lasted many thousands of years. The blank starting in the late 1700’s transformed civilization towards manufacturing goods, leading to mass migration to cities, creation of strong nations, world wars, doubling of lifespans and thus dramatic world population growth
agricultural age
industrial age
The blank just began in the 1990’s, with human activity shifting from traditional industry to creating/managing/using computerized information
information age
An blank is a computer inside another electrical device, like inside a TV, car, printer, thermostat, satellite, etc.
embedded computer
Computers are built from connected blank that, like light switches, are either on or off. On is called 1, and off is 0.
switches
A single 0 or 1 is called a blank.
bit
Eight bits, like 11000101, are called a blank
byte
A blank is a letter (a, b, …, z, A, B, …, Z), symbol (!, @, #, …), or single-digit number (0, 1, …, 9).
character
Each character can be given a unique blank
bit code
blank is a popular code for characters
ASCII
ASCII stands for blank, and was developed in 1963
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASCII uses blank bits per code, and has codes for 128 characters
7
blank is another character encoding standard, published in 1991, whose codes can have more bits than ASCII and thus can represent over 100,000 items, such as symbols and non-English characters.
Unicode
To perform many calculations, computers must represent blank
numbers
Because early humans represented values using ten fingers, humans developed base ten numbers, known as blank (“dec” refers to ten).
decimal numbers
Computers can only represent two values (0 or 1), so base two numbers, known as blank numbers (“bi” refers to two) are used.
binary
Programming is largely about blank: Creating a methodical solution to a given task.
problem solving
A programmer usually should carefully create a solution approach blank writing a program
before
The thought processes needed to build correct, precise, logical programs is sometimes called blank and has benefits beyond programming.
computational thinking
For program output, blank is any blank space or newline
whitespace
Programming is all about blank
precision
blank is text that resembles a program in a real programming language but is simplified to aid human understanding.
Pseudocode
“Pseudo” in this context means “blank”. Commonly, each pseudocode text line corresponds to a program statement.
similar to
Compared to a real textual programming language like C, C++, Java, or Python, pseudocode may blank various details and/or use a more sentence-like notation to aid human understanding.
omit
Compared to a graphical programming language, pseudocode’s text may be blank to create (just by typing) and to share than graphics. Also, pseudocode may be more compact, thus being easier to view and understand, especially for larger programs.
easier
