Introduction

Question 1

are products from various natural sources, plants, microbes, and animals

Answer 1

Natural Products

Question 2

In practice, the term natural products refers to

Answer 2

Secondary metabolites

Question 3

Provide 2 definitions of natural products aside from the used definition of questions 1 and 2

Answer 3

Can be an entire organism (e.g., a plant, an animal, or a microorganism), a part of an organism (e.g., leaves or flowers of a plant or an isolated part of an animal), an extract of an organism or part of an organism, and an exudate or pure compound (alkaloids, cuomarin, flavonoids, lignans, steroids, and terpenoids) isolated from plants, animals, or microorganism.

It is a small molecule that is not essential to the growth and development of the producing organism and is not classified by structure.

Question 4

Examples of natural products

Answer 4

Coumarin
Lignans
Steroids
Terpenoids
Alkaloids, etc.

Question 5

Chemical characteristics of natural products

Answer 5

natural products are naturally-occurring small organic compounds that include heterocyclic compounds and peptides and do not include proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

Question 6

How small can a natural product be

Answer 6

~150~<800 amu

Question 7

Enumerate the methods of extraction and purification of natural products

Answer 7

TLC
Column Chromatography
HPLC
GC

Question 8

Enumerate the method of structural elucidation of natural products

Answer 8

NMR
MS
IR
UV
X-RAY

Question 9

Biological characteristics of natural products

Answer 9

Compounds that are generally characteristic of a particular species or family, i.e., narrow taxonomic distribution (non-ubiquitous)

Question 10

One of natural products biological characteristics is that it has no nutritional or structural function, however it has various functional roles that includes

Answer 10

Color- identification- scent (attraction or repulsion)
Sexual attraction- social communication
Defense- (e.g. plants toxins and antibiotics)

Note: many still have unknown function in the organism in which they are found

Question 11

Proponent of Natural Products. Provide the year and the recognition he received.

Answer 11

Albrecht Kössel
1891
1910 Nobel Prize for Medicine

Question 12

What did Albrecht Kössel proposed?

Answer 12

He proposed that primary metabolites are involved in the basic processes of the cell and are common to many organisms. Secondary metabolites are made by distinct pathways limited to some organisms, hence they serve a less vital role.

Question 13

Note:

Answer 13

The time scale of fragmentation of the study of Natural Products- a fragmentation that has resulted in the current unsatisfactory situation where different groups of scientists use their own names for the same class substances

Question 14

Give examples of primary metabolites

Answer 14

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins

Question 15

Primary metabolites can be classified according to and used as

Answer 15

Structural units
Energy resources

Question 16

Give examples of secondary metabolites

Answer 16

Phenolics
Terpenoids
Steroids
Alkaloids

Question 17

Secondary metabolites are

Answer 17

Mediators(?) relationships between plants and environment

Question 18

Enumerate the diverse aspects of the chemistry of natural products

Answer 18

1. Structural elucidation of natural products compounds
2. Total synthesis or semi-synthesis of natural products; enzyme synthesis
3. Determination of biosynthetic pathways using plant tissues, cell culture, and isotopic labeling
4. Pharmaceutical science: pharmacologic effects
5. Functional foods, herbal medicines
6. Agricultural science; anti-pest, allelopathy, IPM
7. Ethnobotany
8. Plant chemistry and plant development
9. Biodiversity and ecology; marine natural products
10. Chemotaxonomy and genetic classification
11. Genomics and metabolomics

Question 19

Why study natural products

Answer 19

1. Source of most complex and fascinating chemical structures
2. Represent biological diversity
3. Expressions of the genome
4. Represent natural biological activity, whether as single compounds or as complex mixtures
5. Are part of the natural wealth of the country, and can be an important source of livelihood, from agriculture and food, pharmaceuticals, fine chemical industries
6. Can be an effective bridge from tradition to modern scientific developments, including genetics, molecular biology, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical science

Question 20

Market of natural products includes

Answer 20

Pharmaceuticals
Herbal medicine
Essential oils
Perfume
Herbs and Spices (?)

Question 21

Enumerate the different classification of special crops

Answer 21

1. Stimulants
2. Plant producing exudates
3. Tannins producing plants
4. Dyes producing plants
5. Pesticides and herbicides producing plants
6. Spices
7. Aromatic plants
8. Medicinal plants

Question 22

Plants producing psycho-active compounds with stimulating properties that are present in non-toxic concentrations in the harvested plant larts

Answer 22

Stimulants

Question 23

Plants producing subtances that are oozed forth from plant pores and wounds

Answer 23

Plants producing exudates

Question 24

Plants producing substances capable of promoting tannin

Answer 24

Tannins producing plants

Question 25

Plants used for the dyeing properties of their coloring agents

Answer 25

Dyes producing plants

Question 26

Plants producing substances used to kill pests or to eliminate weed

Answer 26

Pesticides and herbicides producing plants

Question 27

Plants used to flavor food or beverages

Answer 27

Spices

Question 28

Plants yielding essential oils

Answer 28

Aromatic plants

Question 29

Plants used to prepare medications

Answer 29

Medicinal plants