Introduction

Question 1

Mention the urological disease which can be diagnosed by each of the following:
1. KUB
2. Retrograde pyelography
3. Retrograde urethrogram
4. VCUG
5. Dynamic renal scan
6. Static renal scan

Answer 1

1. Radiopaque stones, calcifications, bone abnormalities, gases
2. Urethral stricture or injury (anterior urethra visulaization)
3. Posterior urethral valves, VUR, bladder abnormalities, stricture
4. Total renal function but relative for each kidney. Draw time-uptake curves, diagnose obstruction
5. Detect renal scars caused by VUR and pyelonephritis
6. Renal cortical anatomy

Question 2

Differential diagnosis of hematouria

Answer 2

1. Hemoglobinuria
2. Myoglobinuria
3. Beetroots
4. Rifampicin

Question 3

Mention 2 urological emergencies and their ttt

Answer 3

Clot retention, triple way 22 catheter inserted by continuous irrigation
Signficant hematuria after PCNL or kidney trauma, arterial embolization

Question 4

Describe grading of renal injury

Answer 4

1. Contusion
2. Cortical laceration less tgan 1 cm
3. Cortical laceration more than 1 cm
4. Corticomedullary junction laceration or vascular: segmental artery or vein with contained hematoma
5. Shattered kidney or vascular pedicle injury or avulsion

Question 5

Mention CT findings that indicate serious renal injury

Answer 5

1. Medial hematoma, vascular injury
2. Medial urine extravastion, pelvicalcyceal system injury or UPJ avulsion
3. Lack of parenchymal contrast enhancement, arterial injury

Question 6

Mention indications of 24-hr urine collection

Answer 6

1. Creatinine clearance, calculate GFR
2. Stone workup
3. Proteinuria

Question 7

Causes of elevated PSA

Answer 7

1. Prostate cancer
2. Acute prostatitis
3. Prostatic manipulation in surgery
4. Marked BPH

Question 8

Mention uses of CT in urology

Answer 8

1. Renal stones (non-contrast)
2. Detection and staging renal tumors + renal injury
3. Renal vascular disease (CT angio)

Question 9

State ttt of emergency hematuria

Answer 9

1. Blood transfusion if needed
2. Clot retention is an emergency ttt by triple way 22 ch foley catheter with irrigation and clot removal
3. Coagulation of source of bleeding
4. Arterial embolization after extensive hge in PCNL or kidney trauma
5. Open surgery may be necessary if other measures fail