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Sociology 101 > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of Sociology

A

The study of how societies are organized and how it influences the decisions of its members

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2
Q

Define Sociological Imagination

A

The ability to think about our own experience in relation to a larger social experience

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3
Q

When did the field of Sociology emerge?

A

In the 1800s

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4
Q

What caused the field of Sociology to emerge?

A

The Industrial Revolution

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5
Q

Who is C. Wright Mills?

A

Early Sociologist who introduced the idea of Sociological Imagination

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6
Q

What is the Industrial Revolution?

A

Rapid development in the late 1700s throughout the 1800s where manufacturing, industry, and migration to cities changed how society was structured

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7
Q

What is Division of Labor?

A

An Economic arrangement in which communities are divided in order to specialize in a task or creation of a product rather than producing everything for themselves

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8
Q

Who is Auguste Comte?

A

Early Sociologist who practiced empirical (Statistical research-based) sociology and was the first figure associated with Positivism

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9
Q

What is Positivism?

A

The idea that society is equipped with inherent logic that governs society

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10
Q

Why did Comte believe in Practiced Positivism?

A

Comte believed that society had an inherent logic that he could solve through empirical research

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11
Q

Who is Harriet Martineau?

A

THE FIRST Female Sociologist who believed in Applied Sociology

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12
Q

What is Applied Sociology?

A

The belief that society is always changing and the way to improve society for all is through research

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13
Q

What is Sociological Sympathy?

A

The skill of understanding others as they understand themselves (deemed a essential skill by Martineau)

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14
Q

Define Standpoint

A

The ability to recognize that one’s own experiences shape their view of the world (aka point of view)

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15
Q

Define Cultural Relativism

A

The ability to understand cultural practices without assigning judgement

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16
Q

Define Meritocracy

A

The idea that greater skill and commitment will garner more success (“The American Dream”)

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17
Q

Sociological History

A

Current and Past societal structures that impact the changes in society (make events more or less likely)

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18
Q

Sociological History

A

current and past societal structures that affect how society changes, typically making things more or less likely (if your parents got a bachelor’s degree)

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19
Q

Sociological Biography

A

typically just looking at our own PERSONAL EXPERIENCES and how that influences decisions

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20
Q

Social structure

A

The boundaries people confront as they make decisions about their individual and Collective actions

21
Q

Nature

A

the potential of an individual, makes things more or less likely (ex: genetics)

22
Q

Nurture

A

How the social world impacts likelihood ( will or will not close)

23
Q

Socialization

A

The experiences that give us identity and teach us values, morals, beliefs, mannerisms, and thought processes. (IT IS A LIFE LONG PROCESS)

24
Q

Formal Socialization

A

Explicitly taught via rules, laws, and regulations

25
Q

Informal Socialization

A

Taught through observation and experience

26
Q

Agents of socialization

A

individuals, groups, organizations, and institutions that influence our identity, morals, beliefs, etc.

27
Q

3 main things learned from Socialization

A

Skills, Values, and NORMS

28
Q

Norms

A

Social expectations and rules about behavior that are controlled by groups

29
Q

4 types of Norms

A

Folkway, More, Laws, Taboo

30
Q

Folkway

A

Norm for the sake of tradition or efficiency (walking on the right side of the side walk)

31
Q

More

A

Deeply held moral beliefs (can be tied to religion), has more significance and disapproval should you violate (ex: standing or kneeling for the national anthem)

32
Q

Laws

A

Written rules that have specific consequences following violation and are regulated by official agencies

33
Q

Taboo

A

Extremely held beliefs by society, and violation results in being outcast by society (ex: views on cannibalism or incest)

34
Q

Social Sanctions

A

The ways in which we demonstrate (dis)approval. It is the most common form or social control

35
Q

Feelings Rules

A

Norms that regulate emotion and their expression (ex: somber expression at a funeral)

36
Q

Emotional Management

A

The management of emotion to meet private ends (we determine how we express emotion and we choose how to follow emotion rules)

37
Q

Emotional Labor

A

Management of feelings in order to produce externally visible expected emotion (told how to express and we are told what the emotion rules are, must be followed exactly)

38
Q

Social Acceptability Bias

A

When asked sensitive questions, people tend to give the socially acceptable answer instead of their actual beliefs

39
Q

Response Bias

A

The systematic pattern of who does or does not respond

40
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

When people know that they are being observed it changes their behavior

41
Q

Social Conflict Theory

A

Society is full of inequalities which create further inequality (inequalities are rooted in class conflict)

42
Q

Class Conflict

A

The struggle between classes to control access to resources

43
Q

Materialism

A

How people meet their needs and beyond

44
Q

Means of Production

A

The control over the ways to generate capital (control of resources, labor, manufacturing sites, etc.)

45
Q

Alienation

A

The disconnect from the people around you including a disconnect from your work and personal humanity

46
Q

False Consciousness

A

Capitalism has trained your mind to believe that the only way to improve your place in society is to work hard. This in turn makes coworkers look like competition and allows for inequality to be viewed as merit-based.

47
Q

Class Consciousness

A

The awareness of one’s class position

48
Q
A

Sociology 101 (2 decks)

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