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Animal production > introduction > Flashcards

introduction Flashcards

1
Q

extensive system

A
  • species are extensively (low density, lots of space, high unit per area)
  • lots of land and the weather is not to harsh
  • solely livestock production
  • mixed farming system
  • rainfed mixed farming
  • irrigated mixed farming
  • grasslands systems
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2
Q

intensive system

A
  • small amount of land and high numbers per unit area
  • landless livestock production systems
  • landless ruminant
  • landless monogastic
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3
Q

when to use an extensive pasture based system

A
  • time of mating
  • time of calving
  • what will new stock be used for (replacement?)
  • what is done with the excess offspring
  • time of weaning (management procedures before weaning)
  • pasture quality/quantity
  • strategic health treatments
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4
Q

nutritional needs of an animal

A
  • energy and protein
  • vitamin requirements
  • minerals and trace elements
  • how much depends on physiological state (pregnant, growing)
  • palatability and digestibility/quality of the fee on offer
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5
Q

required infrastructure

A
  • paddock number, size, sheds, yards, feed
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6
Q

stocking rate

A

the number of livestock on a given piece of land over a period of time (typically 12 months)
- used to determine profitability of an enterprise (eg: meet per hectare)

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7
Q

why is stocking rate important

A
  • aim to maximise pasture utilisation
  • graze sufficient stock to make best use of availbale pasture, without negative impact on stock health or environment
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8
Q

relationship between potential stocking rate and annual rainfall…

A
  • greater the rainfall> enhanced pasture growth> increased SR
  • Irrigation> enhanced pasture growth>increased SR
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9
Q

what impacts stocking rate

A
  • rainfall
  • soil quality
  • land features (hills, flat)
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10
Q

Stocking density (head/hect)

A

the number of livestock per hectare at any one point in time
- widely based on feed available

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11
Q

high vs low intensity grazing

A

high: dairy or irrigated pastures
low: sheep or beef cattle fed on native pastures

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12
Q

carrying capacity

A
  • the population of animals that a farm can sustain in the longterm, given the features of the environment
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13
Q

what can we affect about an annual management calander

A
  • time of joining to influence when livespring are born
  • when to harvest wool
  • what we do when livestock are born and when to sell
  • timing strategic animal health management
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14
Q

time and length of joining

A
  • the season effects fertility in some species (limitation)
  • are there reproductively healthy males
  • how to achieve max pregnancy % as this is most labour and equipment efficient
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15
Q

when to harvest ?

A
  • depends what you are selling animals for
  • when to slaughter
  • on sold after fattening
  • do you sell or keep breeding stock
  • milk
  • fibre
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16
Q

what to do with offspring

A
  • fat lambs
  • sell males, keep females for replacement hiefers
  • castrate rams
  • vaccination and drenching
  • what time to wean ?
17
Q

when do we wean calves

A

1-2 days old

18
Q

when do we wean lambs

A

12-16 weeks

19
Q

matching the needs of the stock to the available pasture

A
  • females and males need different amounts of nutrition
  • time of lambing and carving effects how much food
  • class of stock
  • lactating animals have the greatest energy requirments
20
Q

combined cropping and animal systems

A
  • this is common in the wheat belt (mid level rainfall zone)
  • crops are grazed during winter and early spring
  • crops re harvested in the summer
  • sheep graze stubble over summer
  • allows increase in SR
  • provides extra feed supply when nutrition is limiting
21
Q

open system

A
  • you can externally source animals
  • biosecurity risk
  • allows for good genes
22
Q

closed system

A
  • all reproduction happens on farms we grow rams and AI
  • gene pool is largely in the farm
  • issue of inbreeding
23
Q

reproductive parameters

A
  • Natural mating vs AI
  • the age at first mating
  • time for parturition
  • the gestation length
  • the ratio of males to females
  • number of offsrping which can be produced
24
Q

why is reproduction important

A
  • want to maintain flock, herd, group size
  • Replace animals after they die or are beyond effective breeding age
  • allow for genetic selection (want most productive animals)
  • impacts on management ( more labour and feed and attention required for pregant or lacating animal)
25
Q

reproduction and disease

A
  • disease spread via sexual transmission
  • increase metabolic disease risl during pregnancy or lactation
26
Q

gestation cow

A

9 months

27
Q

gestation sow

A

3 mmonths 24 days

28
Q

gestation ewe

A

5 moths

29
Q

seasonality impact

A
  • as day length shortens animals will cycle as day length increase they don’t cycle
  • you must join when animal is cycling and at a time which is favourable for offsrping to be born(spring)
  • not always ideal to have animals give birth at natural time from management perspective
  • can use hormones to induce oestrus
30
Q

causes of reproductive loss

A
  • genetics the size of the animal during mating, the calf is too big to deliver
  • nutrition
  • infectious disease
  • predators
  • environment too hot or cold
31
Q

what is solely livestock production

A
  • in which more than 90% of dry matter fed to animals comes from rangelands, pasture and other annual forages and purchased feeds and less than 10%
32
Q

what are mixed farming systems?

A
  • which more than 10% of the dry matter fed to animals comes from crop by crop products or stubble more than 10% of the total value of production comes from non livestock farming activities
33
Q

what are landless livestock production systems

A
  • subset of the soley livestock production systems in whcih less than 10% of the dry matter fed to animals is farm produced and in which annual average stocking rates are above 10 LU per hectare
34
Q

what is landless ruminant production systems

A
  • the use of ruminant species principally cattle, where feed is mainly introduced from outside the farm system and stocking rates are high

Animal production (3 decks)

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