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MICROBIOLOGY > INTRODUCTION > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The science (logos) of small (micro) life
(bios)

A

MICROBIOLOGY

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2
Q

A specialized area of microbiology that
deals with living things too small to be
seen without magnification or naked eye.

A

MICROBIOLOGY

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3
Q

This includes bacteria, archaea, protozoa,
fungi, helminths, viruses, and algae.
(microorganisms)

A

MICROBIOLOGY

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4
Q

cell wall with peptidoglycan. Peptido~protein ; Glycan~sugar (distinct from other types of cell
wall, which makes bacteria unique from other eukaryotic cells)

A

BACTERIA

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5
Q

prokaryotic; lacks a membrane bound nucleus/has no nucleus

A

BACTERIA

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6
Q

*exist as unicellular

*reproduces by binary fission (asexually); make a copy and divide

*circular DNA

A

BACTERIA

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7
Q

Some are photosynthetic (autotrophic; self-feeder, able to make their own food) EX.;
cyanobacteria, does photosynthesis, takes up water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight then converts
it into chemical energy in the form of sugar. Others are heterotrophic (other feeder); they have
to consume food in order to survive; cannot take in and make their own food.

A

BACTERIA

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8
Q

Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan, instead they have cell wall called pseudomurein (made with a
mixture or sugar and protein, however it is not chemically related with peptidoglycan)

A

ARCHAEA

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9
Q

 Unicellular

 Reproduces by binary fission (asexual reproduction)

 Circular DNA

A

ARCHAEA

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10
Q

Extremophiles: (grows in very extreme environment)

A

ARCHAEA

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11
Q

Eukaryotic; has nucleus

Cell wall has chitin – polysaccharide (many sugar)

A

FUNGI

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12
Q

Heterotrophic; consume food to survive; feeds on dead decaying matter - Saprobes

A

FUNGI

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13
Q

Unicellular; ex. yeast Or Multicellular; ex. molds and mushrooms

A

FUNGI

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14
Q

 Can produce sexually or asexually

 Linear DNA

A

FUNGI

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15
Q

Eukaryotic; has nucleus

 usually lacks cell walls

A

PROTOZOA

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16
Q

usually, heterotrophic
 unicellular
 can reproduce sexually or asexually

A

PROTOZOA

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17
Q

moves by:

  • pseudopods
  • flagella; microscopic hair-like structures, “flagellum” means “whip”
  • cilia; small, slender, hair-like structures
  • some are non-motile
A

PROTOZOA

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18
Q

eukaryotic

 cell wall has cellulose – polysaccharide (many sugar)

A

ALGAE

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19
Q

photosynthetic (autotrophic; self-feeder)

 unicellular or multicellular

A

ALGAE

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20
Q

can reproduce asexually or sexually often contains pigments: green, red, or brown

A

ALGAE

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21
Q

Acellular – not made of cells (non-living)

A

VIRUSES

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22
Q

Obligate intracellular parasites – meaning it has to be within a cell, viruses cannot reproduce
without a host cell

A

VIRUSES

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23
Q

Can store genetic info in DNA or RNA

A

VIRUSES

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24
Q

May be enveloped or naked

A

VIRUSES

25
Q

Flat worms and rounds worms

A

HELMINTHS

26
Q

 No cell walls

A

HELMINTHS

27
Q

Heterotrophic

A

HELMINTHS

28
Q

 Can reproduce sexually or asexually

A

HELMINTHS

29
Q

 Have microscopic stages

A

HELMINTHS

30
Q

Some bacteria are photosynthetic, they are able to convert solar energy to ______

A

chemical energy

31
Q

reported that living things were composed of little boxes
or “cells” from looking at cork

A

ROBERT HOOKE

32
Q

He was the first one to see cells, however what he saw is not from
a living organism

A

ROBERT HOOKE

33
Q

Led to the cell theory: all living things are composed of cells and
come from preexisting cells

A

ROBERT HOOKE

34
Q

described live microorganisms (“animalcules”)

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

35
Q

The first one to describe living organisms.

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

36
Q

the hypothesis that living organisms arise from
nonliving matter; a “vital force” forms life

A

SPONTAEOUS GENERATION

37
Q

the hypothesis that the living organisms arise from preexisting
life; Living cells can only arise from preexisting cells

A

BIOGENESIS

38
Q

boiled nutrient broth and then covered the
flasks after; but microbes come from the air that are capped in the
flask after the broth was boiled. (Flawed experiment)

A

1745: JOHN NEEDHAM

39
Q

maggots don’t arise from decaying meat;
fresh air required

A

1668: FRANCESCO REDI

39
Q

Needham should have covered before
boiling

A

1765: LAZZARO SPALLANZI

39
Q

results of s-shaped flask experiment

A

1861: LOUIS PASTEUR

40
Q

Childbirth fever from septicemia (bacteria in the blood) was higher for
physicians (due to contamination; handling cadaver and unable to disinfect) than
for midwives

A

1840s: Ignaz Semmelweis

40
Q

Advocated handwashing between patients

  • Incidence dropped from 35% - 1%
A

1840s: Ignaz Semmelweis

40
Q

Proved bacteria cause disease

A

1875: Robert Koch

40
Q

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

A

1875: Robert Koch

41
Q

Discovered Bacillus anthracis from a cow that died of anthrax

A

1875: Robert Koch

41
Q

Applied germ theory to medical practices

  • Cleaned instruments between surgeries
A

1860s: Joseph Lister (surgeon)

41
Q

Knew phenol (carbolic acid) killed bacteria

  • Used carbolic acid as chemical control
A

1860s: Joseph Lister (surgeon)

42
Q

1st vaccine

A

1796: Edward Jenner

43
Q

No smallpox in milkmaids/cowpox

A

1796: Edward Jenner

44
Q

Exposed individual to material from cowpox lesion
- Then exposed to smallpox, no infection

A

1796: Edward Jenner

45
Q

The protection from disease provided by vaccination is called
IMMUNITY.

A

1796: Edward Jenner

46
Q

Discovered why vaccinations work

A

1880: Pasteur

47
Q

Cholera bacterium lost ability to cause disease after grown in the lab
for long periods

A

1880: Pasteur

48
Q

Still able to induce immunity

A

1880: Pasteur

49
Q

observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin,
that killed S. aureus

A

1928: Alexander Fleming

50
Q

discovered the first antibiotic

A

1928: Alexander Fleming

51
Q

Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced

A

1940s

MICROBIOLOGY (3 decks)

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