Introduction Flashcards
DSM-5-TR
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, Text Revision
ICD
International Classification of Diseases
A medical classification of disorders and as such serves as a historically determined cognitive schema imposed on clinical and scientific information to increase its comprehensibility and utility
DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)
It includes all the changes that have been approved since the publication of DSM-5 in 2013.
DSM-TR-5
Differences between DSM and ICD
- Differing priorities and uses of the two diagnostic systems
- Differing interpretations of the evidence
It was officially endorsed for use by WHO member nations during the 72nd World Health Assembly in May 2019 and officially came into effect on January 1, 2022.
ICD-11
It is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, and developmental processes underlying mental functioning. It is usually associate with significant distress or disability in social, occupational, or other important activities.
Mental Disorder
(T/F) Diagnosis of a mental disorder is not equivalent to a need for treatment.
True
(T/F) There are individuals whose symptoms who do not meet full criteria for a mental disorder but who demonstrate a clear need for treatment or care.
True
(T/F) Each category of mental disorder is a completely discrete entity with absolute boundaries.
False
(T/F) All individuals described as having the same mental disorder are alike in all important ways.
False
It is developed to help clinicians assess all major areas of psychiatric functioning and more thoroughly uncover possible disorders, atypical presentations, subsyndromal conditions, and coexistent pathologies.
DSM-5 Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure
It acts as a review of mental systems, intended to aid clinicians in better identifying latent disorders and symptoms in need if more details assessment.
DSM-5 Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure
It is recommended as an important component of the psychiatric evaluation of individuals presenting for psychiatric care.
DSM-5 Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure
It is the first step in identifying and addressing the heterogeneity of symptoms across diagnostic categories (as endorsed by the American Psychiatric Association Practice Guidelines for the Psychiatric Evaluation of Adults).
DSM-5 Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure
It shape the experience and expression of the symptoms, signs, behaviors, and thresholds of severity that constitute criteria for diagnosis.
Cultural Contexts
It shape aspects of identity that confer specific social positions and differentially expose individuals to social determinants of health, including mental health.
Sociocultural Contexts
(T/F) Diagnostic assessment should not include how an individual’s experiences, symptoms, and behaviors differ from relevant sociocultural norms and lead to difficulties in adaptations in his or her current life context.
False
(T/F) Thresholds of tolerance for specific symptoms or behaviors are all the same across cultural contexts, social settings, and families.
False
(T/F) In order to accurately assess potential signs and symptoms of psychopathology, clinicians should routinely consider the impact of cultural meanings, identities, and practices on the causes and courses of illness.
True
(T/F) Cultural contexts do not affect the conduct of the clinical encounter, even the diagnostic interview.
False
What are the three cultural concepts of distress?
- Cultural idiom of distress
- Cultural explanation or perceived cause
- Cultural syndrome
It refers to a behavior or linguistic term, phrase, or way of talking about symptoms, problems, or suffering among individuals with similar cultural backgrounds to express or communicate essential features of distress.
Cultural idiom of distress
It refers to a label, attribution, or feature of an explanatory model that provides a culturally coherent concept of etiology or cause for symptoms, illness, or distress.
Cultural explanation / perceived cause
It refers to a cluster or group of co-occurring, distinctive symptoms found in specific cultural groups, communities, or contexts. It may or may not be recognized as an illness in the local cultural context.
Cultural syndrome
It is a social construct that is used to divide people into groups based on superficial physical traits.
Race
It is the social process by which specific categories of identity are constructed on the basis of racial ideologies and practices.
Racialization
These are strongly associated with systems of discrimination, marginalization, and social exclusion.
Racialized identities
What are the different levels of racism?
- Personal level
- Interpersonal level
- Systematic/Institutional racism
- Social structural racism
It refers to internalized stereotypes and experiences of threat, devaluation, neglect, and injustice that affects individual’s health and well-being.
Personal level of racism
It refers to explicit behaviors and micro-aggressions, which are everyday slights and offenses that communicate negative attitudes toward specific stigmatized groups, with stress-inducing and traumatizing consequences.
Interpersonal level of racism
It refers to the ways that discrimination is embedded in everyday practices of institutions or organizations.
Systematic/Institutional racism
These may not be expressed in overt racial ideologies but may be maintained by implicit and unintentional biases, habits, routines, and practices that result in misrecognition and inequity.
Systematic racism
It emphasizes the ways that racism and discrimination are manifested in the organization and norms of society and public policy with pervasive inequalities in economic resources, power, and privilege that impact exposure to health risk and access to health care.
Social structural racism
(T/F) Racism is an important social determinant of health that contributes to a wide variety of adverse health outcomes with the likes of hypertension, suicidal behavior, and posttraumatic stress disorder.
True
They reviewed the texts for cultural influences on disorder characteristics, incorporating relevant information in the sections on culture-related diagnostic issues (19 experts in cultural psychiatry, psychology, and anthropology).
Cross-cutting review committee on cultural issues
They reviewed references to race, ethnicity, and related concepts to avoid perpetuating stereotypes or including discriminatory clinical information (10 mental health practitioners from diverse ethnic and racialized backgrounds).
Ethnoracial equity and inclusion work group
To assist trained clinicians in the diagnosis of mental disorders as part of a case formulation assessment that leads to an informed treatment plan for each individual.
Primary purpose of DSM-5
It involves a careful clinical history and concise summary of the social, psychological, and biological factors that may have contributed to developing a given mental disorder. Its goal is to develop a comprehensive treatment plan that is informed by the individual’s cultural and social context.
(Clinical) case formulation
(T/F) It is enough to simply check off the symptoms in the diagnostic criteria to make a mental disorder diagnosis.
False, a thorough evaluation of these criteria may assure more reliable assessment.
(T/F) Diagnosis requires clinical training to recognize when the combination of predisposing, precipitating, and protective factors has resulted in a psychopathological condition in which the signs and symptoms exceed normal ranges.
True
It is offered as guidelines for making diagnoses, and their use should be informed by clinical judgment. It does not fully describe the full range of mental disorders that individuals experiences and present to clinicians.
Diagnostic criteria
Considered when the symptom presentation does not meet full criteria for any disorder and the symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
“other specified” or “unspecified”
They are provided for increased diagnostic specificity and they provide an opportunity to define a more homogeneous subgrouping of individuals with the disorder who share certain features and to convey information that is relevant to the management of the individual’s disorder.
Subtypes and specifiers
They define mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive phenomenological sub-groupings within a diagnosis. They are indicated by the instruction “specify whether” in the criteria set.
Subtypes
They are not intended to be mutually exclusive or jointly exhaustive, as a consequence, more than one may be applied to a given diagnosis. They are indicated by the instruction “specify” or “specify if” in the criteria set.
Specifiers
They are disorder options for presentations that do not fit exactly into the diagnostic boundaries of disorders in each chapter.
Other specified and unspecified disorder
It allows the clinician to communicate the specific reason that the presentation does not meet the criteria for any specific category within a diagnostic class. It is done by recording the name of the category, followed by the specific reason. It is given when the clinician determines that there is enough available clinical information to specify the nature of the presentation.
Other specified disorder
It serves as a placeholder until a more complete differential diagnosis is possible. It is given if the clinician chooses not to specify the reason that the criteria are not met for a specific disorder. It is also given in cases where the clinician is not able to further specify the clinical presentation. It is usually given in emergency settings.
Unspecified disorder
(T/F) The use of other specified and unspecified diagnosis is not a matter of clinical judgment. It is not the clinician’s choice to indicate or not the reasons why the presentation does not meet full criteria.
False
(T/F) It is okay for individuals without clinical training to employ the use of the diagnostic categories, criteria, and textual descriptions of DSM-5.
False
It is a generic diagnostic criterion requiring distress or disability to establish disorder thresholds.
“the disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning”
They are fundamental to medical record keeping as it facilitates data collection and retrieval and compilation of statistical information. They are also often required to report diagnostic data to interested third parties.
Diagnostic codes
It is the condition established after study to be chiefly responsible for occasioning the admission of the individual. It is indicated by listing it first, and the remaining disorders are listed in order of focus of attention and treatment.
Principal diagnosis
It is used when there is currently insufficient information to indicate that the diagnostic criteria are met, but there is a strong presumption that the information will become available to allow that determination. It is used for those situations in which differential diagnosis depends exclusively on whether the duration of the illness does not exceed an upper limit as required by the diagnostic criteria.
Provisional diagnosis
It refers to symptomatic presentations that are due to the physiological effects of an exogenous substance on the central nervous system, including symptoms that develop during withdrawal from an exogenous substance that is capable of causing physiological dependence.
Substance/medication-induced mental disorder
