Introduction Flashcards
Why do human beings engage in philosophy?
Human beings are naturally curious and wonder about life and the universe.
What does philosophy involve besides finding answers to questions?
Philosophy involves reasoning and questioning conventional views.
Define Metaphysics.
Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy deals with questions about the nature of existence and the universe.
- What aspects of human existence does metaphysics consider?
Metaphysics explores nature of human existence, including
- how we perceive the world
- the existence of things independently of our perception
- the relationship between mind and body
- the concept of an immortal soul.
- Define Epistemology.
Epistemology is a branch of philosophy focuses on the nature and limits of knowledge?
- What is the central question in epistemology?
The central question is how we acquire knowledge and come to know what we know.
- What distinguished philosophy from superstitious and religious explanations?
Reasoning and logical arguments.
What is Logic
Logic is a technique of reasoning that establishes the truth of statements and allows the construction of a rational argument leading to a conclusion.
how did Logic evolve as a field of study
Logic started as a useful tool for analyzing arguments but gradually developed rules and conventions, becoming a separate branch of philosophy.
What are the connections between logic and mathematics
The basic structure of a logical argument resembles that of a mathematical proof. Many philosophers who contributed to logic were also accomplished mathematicians.
What challenges does philosophical logic face?
The complexities, ambiguities, and subtleties of language pose challenges to philosophical logic. The expressiveness of language introduces potential pitfalls in constructing and analyzing arguments.
What is the philosophy of language?
The philosophy of language is a field of philosophy that emerged in the 20th century. It focuses on examining terms and their meanings, considering how language impacts logical reasoning and argumentation.
Define Ethics or Moral Philosophy
Ethics is a branch of philosophy that examines the meaning of a good life and concepts like justice and happiness.
Define Aesthetics.
Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy concerned with the principles of art and the notion of beauty.
Define Political Philosophy
Politcal philosophy is a branch of philosophy that questions the nature and methods of the state and deals with such subjects as justice, social hierarchies, political power, and constitutions.
What challenges arise when categorizing ideas within the branches of philosophy?
The branches of philosophy are interconnected and often overlap, making it difficult to assign ideas to specific areas.
Besides philosophy, what other subjects does philosophy intersect with?
Science, history, and the arts.
What are some questions that philosophy raises about religion?
Philosophy questions the existence of God and the nature of the soul.
In terms of starting points, what distinguishes ancient Greek philosophy from Chinese philosophy?
Ancient Greek philosophy began with metaphysical questions, whereas Chinese philosophy initially considered those questions adequately addressed by religion and focused more on moral and political philosophy.
How do philosophical ideas go beyond philosophy itself?
Philosophical ideas have influenced scientific, political, and artistic movements.
What is the relationship between science and philosophy?
The relationship between science and philosophy is interactive, with ideas from each field influencing and informing the other. There is even a branch of philosophy dedicated to studying the thinking behind scientific methods and practices.
How has philosophy contributed to the development of science?
Philosophy has influenced the development of science by promoting logical thinking, which in turn has shaped the evolution of mathematics and the scientific method. Philosophy has also influenced fields like psychology, which explore the nature of the self and consciousness.
How has philosophy influenced society
Philosophy shaped ethics, influenced leaders, and guided ethical decisions.
How does engaging in philosophy differ from relying on external influences?
Engaging in philosophy allows individuals to develop their own beliefs and ideas through personal reasoning, rather than accepting beliefs imposed by external influences such as society, teachers, religion, or philosophers.
