Introduction Flashcards
A free neutron will transform into a __, an __, and a __ with about half of any collection of free neutrons transforming every __
proton
electron
antineutron
10.3 min
Transformation causing a loss of certain material is called
Decay
In the case of free neutrons transformation, the products of decay include energetic subatomic particles. This process is called
Radioactive decay
Created about 13.82 +- 0.12 billion years ago in the first 3 min of the universe’s life. Where can they be found?
Deuterons
Deuterium or heavy hydrogen
Chemicals needed for life in early universe
Gas, dust, and rock
When one atom holds one or more extra electrons to itself or releases one or more electrons to its neighbors.
It will become ionized
The force that holds oppositely charged ions
Coulombic
Liquid
Solid
Gas
> it flows under shearing (break) force
> can sustain a shear statically
> weak intermolecular force that cannot keep material localized against thermal outward pressure
when valence electrons are localized, but become delocalized by a weak electric field (solid)
Semiconductor
The net charge within volumes larger than the positive/negative atom approaches zero as the volume increases
Ionic
material is in a gas phase with delocalized electrons as a sea around positive ions
plasma
It can serve as a good solvent on planets at an average surface temperature below -33 celsius. Also strongly polar
Liquid ammonia
If the mixture in a fluid is also a fluid
Miscible
Mixed particles with much less than four thousand angstroms
Homogeneous
Mixed particles bigger than a few hundred angstroms
Heterogeneous
A homogeneous mixture containing much larger than the background fluid particles, but small enough to remain dispersed over time (cloudy)
Colloid
The mixture in fluid with dispersed particles large enough to settle under the influence of the earth’s gravity, if the setting is incomplete
Suspension
The protoplasm within living cells can convert between these two kinds of colloids
Sol( can’t hold shape, Dliquid) and gel (can hold shape, Dsolid)
2 possible states of colloids
Lyophilic (forms liquid sol easily) and lyophobic (doesn’t)
A polymer of two globular proteins that helps biological cells maintain the intracellular structure
Microtubules
Takes advantage of the varying densities of components in a mixture
Gravitational seperation
it can separate various nano-and microscale particles in solutions through the acceleration of gravity
Centrifuge
concentrates low vapor pressure dissolved materials from a volatile solution, and when dissolved materials are so concentrated, it can form cyrstals
Evaporation
an analysis tool that separates substances by diffusion according to their affinity for a particular solvent.
Chromatography
Used to remove colloidal particles such as dust, smoke, or oil mist from air
Electrostatic precipitators
Capable of separating atoms and molecules according to their mass
Mass spectrometer
