INTRODUCTION Flashcards
1
Q
In serology, our focus is on what?
A
Antibody detection
2
Q
Why do we not use yellow SST in immunosero?
A
because clot activator such as silica can interfere with antibody reaction.
3
Q
This can interfere in the antibody detection.
A
Silica gel
4
Q
This is defined as the study of host reaction when foreign substances are introduced into the body.
A
Immunology
5
Q
These foreign substances are termed as what?
A
Antigens
6
Q
When introduced into the body, what can these foreign substances do?
A
can induce or stimulate the reaction of the immune system
7
Q
Our immune system cannot identify self from non-self.
True or False
A
FALSE
Our immune system can identify self from non-self.
8
Q
Immune system normally respond when a self-agent is present.
True or False
A
FALSE
Immune system DO NOT normally respond when a self-agent is present.
9
Q
These non-self agents or foreign agents are basically invaders.
True or False
A
TRUE
10
Q
What is an example of foreign agents?
A
Pathogens
11
Q
This is the in vitro study of antigen-antibody reaction.
A
Serology
12
Q
Serology is the in vivo study of antigen-antibody reaction.
True or False
A
False
In vitro
13
Q
What does “in vitro” pertain to?
A
pertains to reactions outside the body specifically in the test tubes.
14
Q
What does “sero” mean?
A
Serum
15
Q
What is the preferred blood sample or body fluid in antibody detection?
A
Serum
16
Q
These are always specific in nature.
A
Antigen-antibody reactions
17
Q
These are the ones that will stimulate the immune system to react.
A
Antigens
18
Q
What is the product of the immune response to these antigens?
A
Antibodies
19
Q
What is always specific to antigen?
A
Antibody
20
Q
Why is the detection of antibodies the main focus of serology?
A
because antibody is a product of immune response against non-self foreign invaders.
21
Q
If antigen is the focus of the laboratory testing it is called …
A
reverse serology
22
Q
they pertain to a specific something that came from an individual.
A
Sample and specimen
23
Q
What is the difference between sample and specimen?
A
Specimen is unprocessed; sample is processed
24
Q
In the serum sample, what is the target?
A
antibody
25
Since antigen-antibody reactions are always specific in nature, therefore, if antibody is the target in the serum, what would be the reagent?
Antigen
26
What is the target in reverse serology?
Antigen
27
Why should we perform serum preservation?
to maintain and preserve the constituents in the serum sample.
28
What are the method/s of preserving the serum sample?
Physical and chemical
29
How do we physically preserve the serum sample?
By refrigeration
30
At how many degrees should we refrigerate?
| Serum preservation
4-6 degrees Celsius
31
When the serum is refrigerated, the serum is preserved up to how long?
up to 72 hours (3 days at refrigerator temp)
32
If you want to maintain the serum sample for a longer period of time, what must be done?
put the serum sample in the FREEZER.
33
In serum preservation, freezer temperature is ...
-18 degrees Celsius or colder
34
At -18 degrees Celsius or colder, how is the serum sample preserved?
the serum sample is preserved indefinitely.
35
Lower the temperate, the shorter the serum sample is preserved
| True or False
FALSE
| the longer the serum sample is preserved
36
Lower the temperate, the shorter the serum sample is preserved
| True or False
FALSE
| the longer the serum sample is preserved
37
How is the serum sample chemically preserved?
with the use of chemical preservatives.
38
What are the two chemical preservatives?
Merthiolate powder and tricresol/5% phenol
39
How many grams of merthiolate powder must be added to chemically preserve the serum?
0.001 g merthiolate powder/ mL of serum
40
How many mL of 5% phenol/tricresol must be added to chemically preserve the serum?
0.1 mL of phenol/tricresol / mL of serum
41
if you have a 5 mL serum that you need to preserve using Merthiolate powder, how many grams of Merthiolate are you to add?
0.005 g
42
if you have 3 mL of serum sample that you need to preserve using tricresol, how many mL of tricresol are you to add?
0.3 mL
43
In the preservation of serum, which of the two methods is commonly performed in the laboratory?
Physical
44
If you place the serum sample in the freezer, it is only good for how many thawing?
One thawing
45
After thawing the serum sample, it is good for discarding. You do not re-freeze.
| True or False
True
46
What happens when there is multiple re-freezing?
Multiple re-freezing can damage the constituents of the serum including antibodies
47
Why do we inactivate serum samples?
To eliminate or destroy unneeded/unwanted serum proteins
48
In inactivation of serum, what is the primary or main target protein?
complement proteins
49
What are the two methods to inactivate serum?
Physical and chemical
50
How is physical inactivation of serum done?
By heating the serum sample
51
At what temperature and for how long must we heat the serum sample for inactivation?
56 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes
52
If 30 minutes is too long, how can shorten the heating time?
By increasing the temperature for heating.
53
To shorten the heating time, at how many degrees must we increase the temperature, and for how long?
60-62 degree Celsius, 3-4 mins
54
To shorten the heating time, at how many degrees must we increase the temperature, and for how long?
60-62 degree Celsius, 3-4 mins
55
The shorter the heating time, the higher the temperature must be
| True or False
True
56
How is chemical inactivation of serum done?
By using chemical inactivators.
57
What is the commonly used chemical inactivator?
Choline chloride
58
Why must complement proteins be eliminated?
To prevent complement proteins from interfering with the antigen-antibody reaction.
59
If complement proteins are needed in the procedure/if the test requires complement protein activity, inactivation should still be performed
| True or False
False
| inactivation should NOT be performed.
60
it is the lowest amount of an analyte that can be measured by an assay.
Sensitivity
61
The higher the concentration that can be assayed, the higher is the test sensitivity.
| True or False
False
| the lower the concentration
62
it is the detection of a particular analyte in the sample using a particular assay.
Specificity
63
It is a test that has high specificity and high sensitivity.
Gold standard
64
These are what we use during confirmatory testing.
Gold standard tests
65
It is a laboratory that performs gold standard confirmatory tests.
Reference laboratory
66
What is the Reference laboratory for biochemistry?
Lung Center of the Philippines
67
What is the reference laboratory for infectious diseases (patients)?
San Lazaro - SACCL
68
What does SACCL mean?
STD-AIDS Cooperative Council
69
This is the reference laboratory for infectious diseases for patients.
San Lazaro - SACCL
70
This is the reference laboratory for infectious diseases for [blood] donors.
TTI-NRL-RITM
71
What does TTI-NRL-RITM stand for?
Transfusion Transmissible Infections - National Reference Laboratory - Research Institute for Tropical Medicine
72
It is the sum total strength of interaction between a complex or multivalent antigen and antibody.
Avidity
73
It is the strength of interaction between a monovalent or simple antigen and antibody.
Affinity
74
What is the similarity between Avidity and Affinity?
The two pertains to interaction strength.
75
Wha is the difference between Avidity and Affinity?
The antigen type to which the antibody combines or interacts.
76
It is the interaction/cross linking/cross bridging of antibodies adjacent to the antigen.
Lattice formation
77
When there is lattice formation, what is the visible end result?
Agglutination
78
What is the reciprocal of the highest dilution that shows/presents a positive reaction (i.e., agglutination)?
Titer
79
What is titer used for?
to report the antibody level/antibody concentration in the serum.
80
In antibody testing/serology laboratory testing, what are the two methods always done?
Qualitative and quantitative
81
It is performed to detect the presence of antibodies.
Qualitative method
82
It is determined through titer measurement.
Quantitative method
83
If the antibody is present in the serum, in the qualitative procedure, the quantitative method is no longer done.
| True or False
False
| If the antibody is absent in the serum
84
What are the Uses/Applications of serology in medicine/science?
| DxDxSPF
1. Diagnosis of infectious diseases
2. Diagnosis of immunological abnormalities
3. Serotyping/serologic ID of microorganisms
4. Phylogenic classification
5. Forensic medicine
85
What is the outcome when there is a decreased/low specificity in the laboratory procedure?
| FACTORS AFFECTING THE OUTCOME OF SEROLOGIC TESTS
False positive
86
What is the tendency when there is a False positive?
| FACTORS AFFECTING THE OUTCOME OF SEROLOGIC TESTS
Tendency for cross-reaction due to its low specificity
87
Cross-reaction is due to what?
Low specificity
88
What are examples of the Causes of a False positive outcome?
| Bacte, Hemo, Delay
Bacterial contamination, hemolysis, delay in reading slide agglutination test
89
When there is a false negative result, what is the result?
Decreased/low sensitivity
90
What is are the causes of a false negative?
Prozone or Post zone
91
For a true positive reaction to occur, there must be what?
Point of Equivalence
92
This point is where the antibody concentration/titer must be at equilibrium or proportional to the amount of antigen present.
Point of Equivalence
93
If levels/concentration of antigen does not equal the amount of antibody, or vice versa, what is a result?
Zonal effect/phenomenon
94
This is a zonal effect wherein the antibody is excessive to a point that it is no longer proportional to the antigen present.
Prozone
95
This is a zonal effect wherein the antigen is excessive to a point that it is no longer proportional to the antibody present.
Post zone
96
What is the reaction when there is a zonal effect/phenomenon causing it be false negative.
There is no visible reaction when there is a ZONAL EFFECT / PHENOMENON
97
When there is a zonal effect, it is false negative
| True or False
True
98
How can we correct or remedy zonal effects?
Through [serial] dilution
99
What are the factors affecting the outcome of serologic tests?
| +-IOT
1. False positive
2. False negative
3. improper time and temperature of incubation
4. Omission of the reagent serum
5. Toor early infection
100
Cross reaction – antibody sharing
| True or False
False
| antigen sharing
101
A cross-reaction has what end result?
False positive
102
In performing serum electrophoresis, antibodies are found where?
Gamma
103
Antibodies are also known as ...
gammaglobulins
104
What are the commonly tested antibodies in serology.
IgG and IgM
105
This is the warm-reacting antibody
IgG
106
This is the cold-reacting antibody
IgM
107
If target antibody in the serum is IgG, what must be used to optimize the reaction of IgG?
An incubator and water bath
108
If target antibody in the serum is IgG, what must be used to optimize the reaction of IgG?
An incubator and water bath
109
If the target antibody in the serum is IgM, what must be done?
incubate at room temperature.
110
Reagent must always be added first before the sample
| True or False
True
111
This is the time where antibodies are already produced by the patient against the infectious agent.
recovery stage/convalescence stage.
112
For antibody detection, when must blood be collected?
at the recovery stage/convalescence stage.
113
There is a high antibody production at the recovery stage
| True or False
True
114
When we test blood from a Px, while they are sick or not at recovery stage, what is the end result? Why?
False Negative; May sakit yung pasyente/infection tas wala lang antibodies kasi hindi pa nagpproduce kaya walang madetect sa test.
115
It is an immunologic reaction wherein there is a combination of antigens and antibodies.
Primary
116
This is an immunologic reaction with a nonvisible reaction.
Primary
117
Since a primary immunologic reaction is a nonvisible reaction, what must be added for you to demonstrate a visible reaction?
LABELS/CONJUGATES
118
Why must we add labels/conjugates to a primary immunologic reaction?
to demonstrate a visible reaction
119
These are added to the reagent to demonstrate the positive reaction/end product, and to allow measurement of the product.
LABELS/CONJUGATES
120
What are the two types of conjugates?
1. Non isotopic label
2. Isotopic label
121
these are labels that DO NOT emit radioactivity.
non isotopic label
122
What are examples of non isotopic lables?
1. Enzymes
2. Fluorescent probes
3. colloidal particles/insoluble particles
123
What is an example of a non-isotopic labelled procedure?
ELISA
| Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
124
these are labels that emit radioactivity.
Isotopic label
125
What is an example of an isotopic label?
Radioactive iodine
126
The only laboratory that utilizes isotopic labels are ...
NUCLEAR MEDICINE LABORATORIES
127
An example of primary reaction tests are the ...
IMMUNOASSAYS
128
The name of the immunoassay is based on the label used
| True or False
True
129
Examples wherein the name of the immunoassay is based on the label used:
ELISA, Fluorescent immunoassay, radioimmunoassay
130
The name of the immunoassay is based on what?
the label used
131
This immunologic reaction involves demonstrable antigen-antibody reaction.
Secondary
132
What are the types of immunologic reactions?
Primary, secondary, and tertiary
133
This immunologic reaction is a visible reaction.
Secondary
134
Labels/conjugates are still used in the secondary immunologic reactions
| True or False
False
| no longer used
135
The procedure for the secondary reaction tests is simple and rapid.
| True or False
True
136
These are used for the basis for routine immunologic/serologic tests.
Secondary reaction tests
137
This immunologic reaction is used for the basis for routine immunologic/serologic tests.
Secondary immunologic reactions
138
What are examples of secondary immunologic reactions?
Agglutination and precipitation
139
This immunologic reaction involves immunologically active in vivo
Tertiary
140
Tertiary immunologic reactions involve immunologically active in vitro
| True or False
False
| in vivo
141
This is an immunologic reaction wherein biologic reactions are detectable.
Tertiary
142
Examples of tertiary reactions (in vivo reactions) that are demonstrated in vitro
phagocytosis, opsonization, chemotaxis
143
Among the three reactions, which is the most sensitive and the most specific?
Primary immunologic reactions
144
excessive antigen
| decreased sensi or decreased speci
decreased sensitivity
145
omission of reagent serum
| decreased sensi or decreased speci
decreased sensitivity
146
too early infection
| decreased sensi or decreased speci
decreased sensitivity
147
cross reaction
| decreased sensi or decreased speci
decreased specificity
148
cross reaction
| decreased sensi or decreased speci
decreased specificity
149
microbial contamination
| decreased sensi or decreased speci
decreased specificity
