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year 2 sem 2 cognitive neuroscience > introduction > Flashcards

introduction Flashcards

1
Q

EEG/ ERP method type, invasiveness and brain property

A

recording, non invasive, electrical

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2
Q

single cell (and multi-unit) recordings method type, invasiveness, brain property

A

recording, invasive, electrical

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3
Q

TMS method type, invasiveness and brain property

A

stimulation, non invasive, electromagnetic

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4
Q

MEG method type, invasiveness and brain property

A

recording, non-invasive, electromagnetic

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5
Q

PET method type, invasiveness and brain property

A

recording, invasive, hemodynamic

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6
Q

fMRI method type, invasiveness and brain property

A

Recording, non-invasive, hemodynamic

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7
Q

single cell recording

A

Very small electrode implanted into axon
(intracellular) or outside axon membrane
(extracellular)

Records neural activity from population of
neurons

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8
Q

single unit recording

A

Electrodes, consisting of thin
wires, are implanted into
specific areas of the brain.

Recordings of brain cell
activities are made by
measuring the electrical
potential of nearby neurons
that are in close proximity to
the electrode

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9
Q

what is EEG?

A

Electroencephalography (EEG) is the measurement of the electrical activity of the brain by
recording from electrodes placed on the scalp

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10
Q

what are resulting traces of an EEG called, what do they represent?

A

The resulting traces are known as an
electroencephalogram (EEG) and represent an electrical signal from a large number of
neurons

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11
Q

what do EEG signals represent?

A

the change in the potential difference between two electrodes placed on the scalp
in time

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12
Q

how can EEG be combined to form a ERP

A

The EEG obtained on several trials can be averaged together time locked to the stimulus to form an
event-related potential (ERP)

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13
Q

how do we record ERP

A

ERPs can be recorded from the
human scalp and extracted from
the ongoing
electroencephalogram EEG by
means of filtering and signal
averaging.

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14
Q

what are ERPs

A

ERPs (event related potentials) are voltage fluctuations that are associated in time with particular event
(visual, auditory, olfactory stimuli)

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15
Q

what are different ERP peaks associated with?

A

Different ERP peaks associated with different aspects of face processing

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16
Q

what is the N170 relatively specialised for?

A

specialized for faces,
recorded from right PSTS (posterior superior temporal sulcus)

affected by perceptual changes to image

perceptual coding of the face

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17
Q

wat is P300 associated with?

A

famous and familiar faces

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18
Q

N250

A

face recognition (identity processing)

unaffected by view changes, affected by familiarity

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19
Q

P400-600

A

person recognition (faces and names)

affected by both faces and names

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20
Q

ERPs change from healthy controls to Alzheimer’s patients

A

A markedly reduced P300 is seen for demented patients at each electrode site

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21
Q

What is an MEG

A

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is an imaging technique used to measure the magnetic
fields produced by electrical activity in the brain via extremely sensitive devices known as
SQUIDs

commonly used in both research and clinical settings

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22
Q

MEG spatial and temporal resolution

A

excellent for both

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23
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

uses differential magnetic properties of types of tissue and of blood to produce images of the brain

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24
Q

structural imaging

A

different types of tissue (skull, gray matter, white matter, CSF fluid) have
different physical properties – used to create STATIC maps (CT and structural MRI)

25
Q

functional imaging

A

temporary changes in brain physiology associated with cognitive
processing (PET & fMRI)

26
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography
* Measures local blood flow (rCBF)
* Radioactive tracer injected into blood stream
* Tracer takes up to 30 seconds to peak
* When the material undergoes radioactive decay, a positron is emitted, which can be
picked up be the detector
* Areas of high radioactivity are associated with brain activity, based on blood volume

27
Q

fMRI

A

Directly measures the concentration of deoxyhemoglobin in the blood

This is called the BOLD response (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent contrast)

28
Q

what is change in BOLD response over time called?

A

Hemodynamic response function

29
Q

when does the hemodynamic response function peak? what does this limit?

A

peaks in 6-8 seconds
this limits the temporal resolution of fMRI

30
Q

what do we study with fMRI?

A

correlation between brain activity and stimulus timings

31
Q

what can fMRI maps be used to produce?

A

activation maps showing which parts of the brain are involved in a particular mental
process

32
Q

what does fMRI measure activity in?

A

in voxels — or volume pixels the smallest distinguishable box- shaped part in 3D image

33
Q

what does one need to do in order to functional specialisation (infer a brain region is active)?

A

compare RELATIVE
differences in brain activity between two or more conditions

This involves selecting a baseline or comparison condition

34
Q

when is a brain region active?

A

if it shows a greater response in one condition relative to another

35
Q

cognitive subtraction

A

activity in a control task is subtracted from the activity in an experimental task

36
Q

DTI

A

Diffusion tensor imaging

An imaging method that uses a modified MRI scanner to reveal bundles of axons in the living brain

We can visualize connections in the brain
Measures white matter organization based on limited diffusion of water molecules in axons

37
Q

fNIS

A

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Measures the same BOLD response as fMRI but in a completely different way

‘Light’ in infrared range passes through skull and scalp but is scattered differently by oxy- v. deoxyhemoglobin

Portable and more tolerant of head movement but can’t image deep structures

38
Q

what is the only method that gives us high resolution in both place and time

A

intercranial recording, when we record directly from inside the human brain when people are undergoing neurosurgery

39
Q

intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) or ECoG

A

electrodes are placed to locate the seizure and map function (for neurosurgery purposes)

recording straight from the cortical surface, approximately from tens of thousands of neurons

40
Q

ECoG in humans

A

recorded extracellular activity from 1177 cells in human medial frontal and temporal
cortices while patients executed or observed hand grasping actions and facial emotional
expressions (control condition)

Neurons in supplementary motor area SMA, and hippocampus responded to both
observation and execution of actions

41
Q

TMS

A

a means of disrupting normal brain activity by introducing neural noise - ‘virtual lesion)

Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
Faradays coil- principle of electromagnetic induction

42
Q

what happens when you apply a TMS pulse at any cortical node (area) of the network?

A

TMS will interfere with the relevant neural signal:
-efficiency of the neural signal will be degraded
-observe change in behaviour (RT change- it will take us longer to read)

43
Q

advantages of TMS

A

interference/virtual lesion technique.

transient and reversible
control location of stimulation

establishes a causal link of different brain areas and a behavioural task

44
Q

what does degree of language lateralisation determine

A

susceptibility to unilateral brain lesions

45
Q

language

A

Language considered a function of the left side of the brain

in exceptional cases – right side of the brain
Functional imaging studies: graded
continuum of language lateralization

Transcranial Doppler Sonography (TCD) -
functional lateralization

46
Q

how does TES work?

A

uses low level (1-2 mA) currents applied via scalp electrodes to specific brain regions

47
Q

what are 3 different protocols for TES?

A

transcranial direct current stimulation- tDCS

Transcranial alternating current stimulation- tACS

transcranial random noise stimulation- tRNS

48
Q

current generator (TES)

A

battery delivers constant current of up to 2mA, with 2 sponge electrodes in saline solution (20-35cm2). The stimulation is less focal, and very safe

49
Q

what happens when tDCS is applied in sessions of repeated stimulations

A

can lead to changes in neuronal excitability that outlast the stimulation itself. These aftereffects are the heart of tDCS protocols for clinical application

50
Q

what does TES show promising results in

A

in therapy: migraines, dementia, stroke, Parkinson’s disease, neglect,
depression, schizophrenia, OCD, eating disorders….

51
Q

TES protocols : tDCS

A

1) Anodal: facilitation effects
2) cathodal: inhibition effects
3) sham (CONTROL) - 30 sec stimulation

52
Q

neurotransmitters and tDCS

A

anodal stimulation inhibits GABA
cathodal stimulation inhibits glutamate

53
Q

tACS

A

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) uses low level (0.5-2 mA) alternating
currents applied via scalp electrodes to specific brain regions.

The rationale behind tACS is the entrainment (synchronization) of internal brain rhythms
with externally applied oscillating electric fields. The oscillatory fields cause phase-locking
of a large pool of neurons, leading to increases of neural synchronization at the
corresponding frequency

54
Q

lucid dreamin

A

an overlap between two states of consciousness — the one that exists in normal dreaming, and the one during wakefulness, which involves higher levels of awareness and control

In lucid dreaming, we transfer elements of waking consciousness into the dream

55
Q

EEG and lucid dreaming

A

overlap between two states of consciousness is reflected in brain waves (EEG)

when people have lucid dreams, they show gamma waves in the frontal cortex, an activity pattern that is linked to consciousness but is nearly absent during sleep and normal dreaming

56
Q

Voss et al., 2014

A

EEG was measured in 27 participants who were not lucid dreamers, while tACS was applied 2min

2 minutes after participants entered REM phase, tACS was applied for 30sec in the range
of 2Hz-100Hz. The participants were then immediately woken up to report their dreams
(LuCID scale)

The LuCiD scale consists of 28 statements, each followed by a 6-point rating scale
(0 strongly disagree - 5 strongly agree)

The EEG data showed that the brain’s gamma activity increased during stimulation with
40 Hz, and to a lesser degree during stimulation with 25 Hz

57
Q

insight

A

the awareness that one is currently dreaming

58
Q

dissociation

A

taking a third person perspective

59
Q

control

A

control over the dream plot

year 2 sem 2 cognitive neuroscience (1 decks)

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