Introduction

Question 1

(I) How many countries and people are in Latin America?

Answer 1

54 countries and 925 million people

Question 2

(I) What three main languages are spoken in Latin America?

Answer 2

Spanish, Portuguese, and French

Question 3

(I) Why “Latin” for Latin America?

Answer 3

The term “America Latina” was used first by Chilean philosopher, Francisco Bilbao in 1856

Question 4

(I) Who appropriated the term Latin America?

Answer 4

Napoleon III appropriated the term when French Empire invaded Mexico in 1860 (5 de mayo de 1862?)

Question 5

(I) What is the separation in Latin America?

Answer 5

Separation between Anglo-Saxon America vs Latin America

Question 6

(I) What are the Romance languages in Latin America?

Answer 6

French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian

Question 7

(I) Christopher Columbus arrived where?

Answer 7

Christopher Columbus arrived in “La Hispaniola” (current Haiti + the Dominican Republic) in 1492

Question 8

(I) Who was Christopher Columbus and who sponsored his voyages?

Answer 8

Columbus was an Italian explorer, and his voyages were sponsored by the Crown of Castile (predecessor of the Spanish Kingdom)

Question 9

(I) Who was the German cartographer who first used the name “America” in 1502?

Answer 9

Martin Waldseemuller. “America” was first used to designate South America

Question 10

(I) Difference between Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci’s views on America

Answer 10

Columbus (India) vs. Amerigo Vespucci (New Land)

Question 11

(I) What did Spain not want to do?

Answer 11

Spain refused to name “America” and labeled it “Terra Incognita” for two centuries

Question 12

(I) Globalization according to Quijano

Answer 12

“What is termed globalization is the culmination of a process that began with the constitution of America and colonial/modern Eurocentric capitalism as a new global power”

Question 13

(I) What is the foundation of American continent?

Answer 13

It is the origin of Modernity (colonialism, globalization, and capitalism)

Question 14

(I) What is a basic social classification for the conquerors

Answer 14

Race

Question 15

(I) The colonizers codified the phenotype trait of the colonized as what?

Answer 15

Color and they assumed it as the emblematic characteristic of racial category

Question 16

(I) What did Quijano say about race?

Answer 16

“So the conquered and dominated peoples were situated in a natural position of inferiority and as a result their phenotypic traits as well as their cultural features were considered inferior. In this way, race became the fundamental criterion for the distribution of the world population into ranks, places, and roles in the new society’s structure of power”

Question 17

(I) Definition of Race by Merriam-Webster

Answer 17

Any one of the groups that human being are often divided into based on physical traits or ancestry; a major group of living things the human race

Question 18

(I) Definition of Ethnicity by Encyclopedia Britannica

Answer 18

Ethnicity which relates to culturally contingent features characterizes all human groups. It refers to a sense of identity and membership in a group that shares common language, cultural traits (values, beliefs, religion, food habits, customs, etc.) and a sense of a common history

Question 19

(I) A new technology of domination/exploitation is what…

Answer 19

In this case race/labor was articulated in such a way that the two elements appeared naturally associated

Question 20

(I) Native American views according to Quijano

Answer 20

“The fact is that from the very beginning of the colonization of America. Europeans associated non paid or non wage labor with the dominated races because they were ‘inferior’ races. The vast genocide of the Indians in the first decades of colonization was not cause principally by the violence of the conquest nor by the plagues the conquistadors brought, but took place so MANY AMERICAN INDIANS WERE USED AS DISPOSABLES MANUAL LABOR AND FORCED TO WORK UNTIL DEATH”