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Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

define mycology

A

the study of fungus

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2
Q

what is fungus

A

chlorophyll free unicellular or multicellular Eukaryotic organism which reproduce by sexually or asexually

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3
Q

what is mycoses

A

fungal infections are called

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4
Q

structures of fungal cell

A

cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
capsule

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5
Q

cell wall components

A

Chitin,Glucan,Mannan
structural and enzymatic proteins
Glycoproteins

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6
Q

functions of cell wall

A

protection
rigidity and strength
shape
reproduction

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7
Q

cell membrane contents

A

Ergosterol
Zymosterol

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8
Q

is capsule essential?

A

No,its non essential

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9
Q

which fungus has capsule?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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10
Q

does histoplasma capsulatum posses capsule?

A

No

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11
Q

difference between fungal and bacterial cell wall

A

Chitin - Peptidoglycan

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12
Q

beneficial effect of fungus

A

drugs
edible mushroom
culture foods
bio remediation
and environmental benefits

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13
Q

what are the drugs made by fungus

A

antibiotics
(penicillin g)
antifungal
(Griseofulvin)
immunosuppressants
(Ciclosporin)
statins
(Mevastatin,Lovastatin)

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14
Q

source of penicillin

A

penicillium chrysogenum

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15
Q

source of Griseofulvin

A

penicillium chrysogenum

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16
Q

what are the edible mushrooms

A

Agaricus bisporus - salads,soups
Molds - cheese production

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17
Q

what are the fungal toxins

A

Amnitin,Phalloidin(Amanita Mushroom) - Liver necrosis(by inhibiting RNS polymerase)
Aflatoxin(Aspergillus flavus) - liver cancer(produce epoxide and cause mutation p53 gene)

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18
Q

Pathogenesis

A

1.inflammation
(Formation of granuloma
, acute suppuration)
2.mycotoxicoses
3.allergy

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19
Q

which immunity gives protection against Fungus?

A

Cell mediated immunity

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20
Q

does acquired immunity gives protection against fungus?

A

No

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21
Q

which antibodies are produced against fungus?

A

IgG and IgM

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22
Q

why bacteria cannot grow in fungal culture?

A

1.low pH
2.Antibacterial agent(penicillin,chloramphenicol,Streptomycin,Cycloheximide)

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23
Q

what are the specimen

A

skin scrapping
nail clipping
hair plucking
swabs
aspirated pus
Biopsy material

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24
Q

What are the process of lab diagnosis

A

Direct microscopic examination
isolation from culture
serology
PCR
mass spectrometry

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25
Q

How specimen is treated during microscopic examination

A

Using 10% KOH to dissolve tissue material like ( keratin epithelial cells leukocytes debris) or staining with special fungal stains.
Calcofluor white
Methenamine silver stain

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26
Q

What is the culture media

A

Sabouraud’s dextrose agar

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27
Q

Temperature in culture media

A

25 degree Celsius and 37 degree Celsius for 2 to 3 weeks in Aerobic condition

28
Q

What are the serological test

A

CFT
latex aglutination test

29
Q

Are Serological test reliable?

A

Nope.
1.Normally antibody sir present due to normal flora
2. immunity against fungal diseases cell mediated

30
Q

What are the process of fungal reproduction

A

Sexual and asexual

31
Q

What are the sexual spores

A

Zygospore
Ascospores
Basidiospores

32
Q

What are the asexual spores

A

Chlamydospores
Arthrospores
Blastospores
Sporangiospores

33
Q

Zygospore

A

Single large spore with thick walls
(Rhizopus,Mucor)

34
Q

Ascospores

A

Formed in a sac
(Histoplasma,Microsporum)

35
Q

Basidiospores

A

Externally on tip of a pedestal called basidium.
Cryptococcus

36
Q

Chlamydospores

A

One cell analysis and specialise to form a spore
Rounded, thick walled, quiet resistant
Candida albicans

37
Q

Arthrospores

A

Arise by fragmentation of the ends of hyphae
Coccidioides immitis

38
Q

Blastospores

A

Formed by budding process
Yeasts

39
Q

Sporangiospores

A

Formed within a sac on a stalk by molds
rhizopus and mucor

40
Q

Fungi imperfect

A

Do not form sexual spore

41
Q

Morphological classification

A

YEast
yEast like fungus
mold
diamorphic fungus

42
Q

Yeast

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

43
Q

Yeast like fungus

A

Candida albicans

44
Q

Molds

A

Rhinosporidium seeberi
Dermatophytes

45
Q

Dimorphic fungus

A

Histoplasma capsulatum
Coccidioides immitis
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Para-coccidioides brasiliensis

46
Q

Clinical classification

A

Superficial cutaneous subcutaneous systemic opportunistic

47
Q

Superficial

A

Malassezia furfur
Hortaea werneckii
Piedraia hortae
Trichosporon species

48
Q

Cutaneous

A

Dermatophytes, candida

49
Q

Subcutaneous

A

Sporothrix schenckii
Phialophora verrucosa
Madruella mycetomatis
Exophiala ,Bipolaris

50
Q

Systemic

A

Histoplasma capsulatum
Coccidioides immitis
Blastomyces dermatitis
Para-coccidioides brasiliensis

51
Q

Opportunistic

A

Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Aspergillus fumigatus
Penicillium marneffeii
Mucor

52
Q

According to method of reproduction

A

Sexual

Ascomycotina
Basidiomycotina
Zygomycotina
#asexual
Deuteromycotina

53
Q

Yeast Vs molds

A

Uni - multi
Spherical/elliptical - filaments
Budding/binary fission - sexual/asexual

54
Q

Dimorphic forms

A

Mold 22 to 25 degree Celsius room temperature
Yeast 37 degree Celsius host tissue

55
Q

Systemic antifungal

A

Amphotericin b
Azoles ( fluconazole ,ketoconazol, itraconazole, voriconazol,posaconazol)
Echinocandins (Caspofungin,Micafungin)
Flucytosin
Griseofulvin

56
Q

Topical use skin only

A

Azoles (Clotrimazole, Miconazole)
Terbinafine
Tolnaftate
Nystatin

57
Q

Systemic cell membrane inhibitor

A

Amphotericin B - binds to ergosterol and disrupts fungal cell membrane
Azoles - inhibit synthesis of ergosterol

58
Q

Systemic cell wall inhibitors

A

Echinocandins(Caspofungin, Micafungin)-inhibit synthesis of d glucan

59
Q

Inhibit DNA synthesis

A

Flucytosin - convert to fluorouracic and inhibit thymidine synthetase

60
Q

Disrupts mitotic spindle

A

Griseofulvin - binding to tubulin

61
Q

Topical cell membrane inhibitor

A

Azoles (Clotrimazole, Miconazole)
Terbinafine
Tolnaftate
All inhibit ergosterol synthesis
Nystatin -bind ergosterol and disrupts membrane

62
Q

Amphotericin B

A

Bind and disrupts

63
Q

Azole

A

Inhibit synthesis

64
Q

Terbinafine

A

Inhibit synthesis

65
Q

Nystatin

A

Bind and disrupt

66
Q

Caspofungin

A

Inhibit synthesis of D glucan

Mycology (3 decks)

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