Introduction

Question 1

What is pharmaceutics

Answer 1

is the science of dosage form design.

Question 2

What is the active drug substance API

Answer 2

Chemical compound with pharmacological (or other direct effect ) intended for use in diagnosis, treatment or prevention of diseases.

Question 3

What are additives

Answer 3

Non medical agents which are a part of the formulation in combination with the drug

Question 4

Why can’t we use drugs as they are

Answer 4

Accurate drug dosing can be difficult or impossible

API handling can be difficult or impossible (e.g., low mg and g doses)

API can be degraded at the site of administration (e.g., low pH in stomach)

API may cause local irritations or injury when they are present at high concentrations at the site of administration

API can have unpleasant organoleptic qualities (taste, smell)

Question 5

What’s the pharmaceutical dosage form

Answer 5

A preparation devised to make a possible administration of medications in measured or prescribed amount.
It determines the physical form of the final pharmaceutical preparation
must reflect therapeutic intentions, route of administrations, dosing etc.

Question 6

What are the drug’s classification based on physical dosage form

Answer 6

Solid, liquid, semisolid and gas

Question 7

What are the types of solid drugs

Answer 7

Unshaped (without specific shape)
- powders for external/internal use

Shaped:Tablets,Capsules,Implants
Transdermal patches

Moulded
Suppositories (for rectal administration)
different shapes
Melting/dissolving at body temperature

Question 8

What are the types of liquid doses

Answer 8

Solutions – one homogenous phase, prepared by dissolving one or more solutes in a solvent

Emulsions
a dispersion system consisting of two immiscible liquids
o/w or w/o
cloudy appearance

Suspensions
A dispersion system where solid particles are dispersed in liquid phase

Question 9

What are the semi solid dosage forms

Answer 9

Creams – semisolid emulsion systems (o/w, w/o) containing more than 10% of water.

Gels -A semisolid systems in which a liquid phase is constrained within a 3D cross-linked matrix.

Pastes – semisolid dispersion system, where a solid particles (> 25%, e.g. ZnO) are dispersed in ointments

Ointments – semisolid dosage forms with different types of ointment bases

Question 10

What are the gaseous dosage forms

Answer 10

Gases – medicinal gases, inhalation/volatile anaesthetics (vaporised before administration, by inhalation)

Aerodispersions of solid particles or liquid particles (inhalation antiasthmatics or sprays)

Question 11

What are the other routes of administration

Answer 11

2- Parentral (outside the digestive system): as by
intramuscular (IM) injection
subcutaneous (SC), intradermal (ID),
IV injection.

3- Topical and Transdermal : through the skin, the effect is local or systemic

4- Nasal, Otic and Ocular

5- Rectal and Vaginal

6- Implant

Question 12

Why do we need dosage forms

Answer 12

1. to provide a product with safe and convenient delivery form
2. accurate dose.
3. for the protection of a drug substance from destructive influences of atmospheric oxygen or humidity (e.g., coated tablets, sealed ampoules).
4. For the protection of a drug substance from the destructive influence of gastric acid after oral administration (e.g., enteric coated tablets).
5. To conceal the bitter, or salty, or offensive taste or odor of a drug substance (e.g., coated tablets, capsules, flavored syrups).
6. To provide liquid preparations of substances which are either insoluble or unstable in the desired vehicle (e.g., suspensions).
7. To insert a drug into one of the body’s orifices (e.g., rectal, or vaginal suppositories).
8. To place a drugs directly into the blood stream or into body tissues (e.g., parenteral injections).