Introduction Flashcards
What is a scientist practioner?
- applying psychological science to clinical practice
- trained in empirical research skills
- emphasised scientific knowledge
What is a reflective practitioner?
- ability to reflect on the work they are doing
- general reflection + self reflection
What are the 4 Key Tasks of a Clinical Psychologist?
- Assessment
- Formulation
- Intervention
- Evaluation
What is assessment?
understanding the problems that a client is experiencing, what may have caused these problems and be maintaining them, and how the client would like to change
What is formulation?
The use of clinical information to draw up a psychological explanation of the client’s problems and to develop a plan for therapy
What is intervention?
Psychological treatment, implemented on the bases of the formulation - may be based on multiple theoretical approaches and may be co-designed with the client
What is evaluation?
The stage of treatment that seeks to ensure any intervention is having the desired effect - can be achieved in a number of ways
What questions does the assessor consider?
- What are the difficulties being experienced?
- What has led this person to have these problems?
- Why are they seeking help now?
- How can they be helped?
What methods of assessment are there?
- Clinical Interview
- Psychometrics
- Self-monitoring
- Observation
Explain the 3 sections of the BioPsychoSocial model.
Biological - genetics, physiology, neurology
Psychological - thoughts, emotions, memories
Social - relationships, family, culture, society
Formulations seek to explain the problem in terms of what?
- Development - how did it begin?
- Maintenance - what is keeping it going?
What are the 5Ps?
- Predisposing Factors
- Precipitating Factors
- Protective Factors
- Perpetuating Factors
- Presenting Problems
What are predisposing factors?
What made this person vulnerable in the first place?
What are precipitating factors?
What triggered this episode?
What are protective factors?
positive things this person has going for them
What are perpetuating factors?
Maintaining factors - things that keep the problem going
Examples of Interventions
- Talk about it and feel heard
- Behavioural Experiments
- Behavioural Activation
- Cognitive Restructuring
- Graded Exposure
What is the role of CBT?
- Highlights the importance of cognitions and how these influence and are influenced by mood, bodily sensations and behaviour
- Helping people to understand and modify unhelpful cognitions and behaviours
Who developed CBT?
- Aaron T. Beck (1960s)
- In parallel with Albert Ellis (1960s) - Rational-Emotive-Therapy
How did psychoanalytic tradition influence CBT?
The view of one’s self is central to determining behaviour
How did phenomenology influence CBT?
Focus on individual subjective experience
How did structural theory influence CBT?
Ideas about how we develop more advanced and adaptive ways of knowing the world
How did academic cognitive psychology influence CBT?
Emphasis on the importance of cognition in information processing & behavioural change
What is a constructivist model?
Individual creates knowledge
Idiosyncratic
Emphasis on whether knowledge is viable and adaptive
What is a rationalist model?
Emphasis on knowledge being accurate and true
What does CBT understand a problem in terms of?
- Cognitions
- Behaviours
- Emotions
- Physiology
Explain the hot cross bun theory?
A situation leads to:
- Thoughts
- Feelings
- Behaviour
- Physiology
and they are all interlinked
What are the 3 layers of cognition? (Christine Podesky)
- Core Beliefs
- Rules for living
- Automatic thoughts
What are core beliefs?
- Unconditional
- Formed in childhood
- Self, world, future
What are rules for living?
- Conditional rules we develop in order to make sense of the world
- Often help people to cope with a negative core belief
- IF…THEN… format
What are characteristics of negative automatic thoughts? (TRAPS)
Twist - twists your thinking so you ignore evidence and believe untrue things
Resistant - difficult to turn off
Automatic - appear quickly without you doing anything
Pessimistic - make you feel negative emotions like sadness, worry, and anger
Sneaky - people don’t usually notice them
What is an all-or-nothing thinking style? (Dichotomous thinking)
Seeing things in all or nothing categories - black and white thinking
What is a mental filter?
Only paying attention to certain types of evidence
What are the 2 types of jumping to conclusions?
Mind reading - imagining we know what others are thinking
Fortune telling - predicting the future
What is emotional reasoning?
Assuming that because we feel a certain way, what we think must be true
What is a labelling thinking style?
Assigning labels to ourselves or other people
What is overgeneralising?
Seeing a pattern based upon a single event, or being overly broad in the conclusions we draw
What is disqualifying the positive?
Discounting the good things that have happened or that you have done for some reason or another
What is magnification&minimisation/catastrophising?
Blowing things out of proportion or inappropriately shrinking something to make it seem less important
What are should statements?
Using critical words like ‘should’, ‘must’, or ‘ought’ can make us feel guilty or like we have already failed.
If we apply ‘shoulds’ to other people the result is often frustration
What is personalisation?
Blaming yourself or taking responsibility for something that wasn’t completely your fall. Conversely, blaming other people for something that was your fault.
Explain Beck’s Cognitive Model of Depression
Early experiences affect core beliefs and assumptions so when a critical incident happens, it leads to negative automatic thoughts, behaviour, and feelings.
What are the 4 primary ethical principles?
- Respect
- Competence
- Responsibility
- Integrity
When are behavioural models applied mostly?
- Children
- Parents
- Learning disabilities in neuropsychological rehabilitation
- Eating disorders
- Psychosis
- Dementia care
- Behavioural activation for depression
What is a systemic model?
Considers that people are best understood in a relational context and that any individual will be shaped and will develop in relation to the oedipal conflict
What are the 5 key qualities of a clinical psychologist?
- understanding theory and research
- making positive relationship w clients, carers, or colleagues
- ethical approach
- understand and work with groups and colleagues
- think carefully and creatively about professional work
What skills are needed to make positive working relationships with clients, carers, or colleagues?
- Ability to listen
- Attempt to understand them in their own terms
- Respect diversity and difference
- Communicate clearly
What is reflection in action?
Able to respond flexibly to a client’s particular needs
What is reflection on action?
May reformulate a problem after discussing it in supervision
What is reflection on others?
Consider the impact their particular gender or culture might have on a service user
What is reflection on self?
Think carefully about how to mitigate the impact of working with sex offenders on their own sexual functioning
Who are community mental health nurses?
Registered nurses with specialist training in mental health
Who are psychiatrists?
Medical practitioners specialising in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness
Who are clinical psychologists?
Psychology graduates who have completed up to 3 years of intensive postgraduate training to learn the skills required for clinical pactice, and who specialise in the assessment and treatment of mental health problems
Who are counsellors?
People who are trained to offer talking therapies that will support people with mental health problems and help them to cope better with their lives and their symptoms
Who are psychotherapists?
Individuals who are involved in the treatment of mental health problems by psychological rather than medical means
Occupational therapists: Clinicians who specialise in assessing and training occupational and daily living skills
Who are occupational therapists?
Clinicians who specialise in assessing and training occupational and daily living skills
Who are social workers?
Professionals whose main focus is clients’ social care needs (e.g. housing). Approved Social Workers are also involved in Mental Health Act assessments.
Who are approved mental health workers?
Professionals trained to offer treatment that will support people with mental health problems and help them to cope better with their lives and their symptoms - not normally have the kinds of professional clinical qualifications but will have special training.
What are multidisciplinary teams (MDTs)?
include workers from a range of disciplines that specialise in different aspects of health and social care e.g. psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, social workers etc.
What is usually a patient’s first point of contact with the mental health system?
GP or physician
What are outpatient bases?
many people with a MH problem can live in the community and be treated at a dedicated MH centre, day clinic, or some larger GP/physician surgeries.
What is inpatient hospital care?
Treatment provided to a client who has voluntarily admitted themselves to hospital. Some people can be compulsorily detained in a hospital under the MH Act if their MH problems are severe enough.
What are regional secure units?
Facilities available to treat individuals who have been admitted by the courts under MH Act, transferred from prison under MH Act, or have been transferred from an ordinary hospital ward because they may need treatment in a more secure setting.
What is the benefit of the recovery model?
Acknowledges the influence and importance of socioeconomic status, employment and education in helping to achieve recovery
What is the recovery model?
- Hope
- A secure base
- Self
- Supportive relationships
- Empowerment and inclusion
- Coping strategies
- Meaning
Explain hope in the recovery model
Developing an ability to persevere through uncertainty and setbacks and developing a sustainable belief in oneself
Explain a secure base in the recovery model
Ensuring appropriate housing, income, healthcare, and security
Explain the self in the recovery model
Developing a durable sense of self, a sense of social belonging, and a set of interests
Explain supportive relationships in the recovery model
The development of supportive relationships not just with mental health professionals but with friends, family, and the community
Explain empowerment and inclusion in the recovery model.
Developing the confidence for independent decision-making and help-seeking, and challenging stigma and prejudice about mental health problems
Explain coping strategies in the recovery model
The development of a range of coping strategies and problem-solving skills that will enable the individual to identify and deal with stressors and crisis points
Explain meaning in the recovery model
Developing a sense of purpose that maybe related to a social or work role
What is a clinical interview:
primary means of collecting relevant information for an assessment, in order to understand the problems that a client is experiencing, what may have caused these problems and be maintaining them, and how the client would like to change.
