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Bones And Joints > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

The skeleton is a system that…

A

Supports the body
Gives size and shape
Provides muscle attachment

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2
Q

The skeleton contains

A

Bones and joints

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3
Q

Bones vs joints

A

Bones support structures (many sizes and shapes)
Joints are between bones and allow movement (many have synovial structures)

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4
Q

Skelton biochemical functions

A

Provides shape and support
Uses joints to allow motion
Provides muscle leverage for mechanical advantage in movement
Protects organs (brain, thoracic, abdominal)

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5
Q

Skeleton tissues are derived from…

A

Connective tissue

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6
Q

Non-mineralized versus mineralized

A

Non-mineralized: lack hydroxyapatite; includes notochord and cartilage

Mineralized: have hydroxyapatite; calcified cartilage and bone

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7
Q

Components of the notochord

A

Rod-like, axial support structure
Non-mineralized
Source of developmental signaling
In vertebrate adults, becomes nucleus pulposus in intervertebral disc
Only support system in non-vertebrate chordates

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8
Q

Cartilage components

A

Non-mineralized

Composed of: gel matrix, collage or elastic fibers, chondrocytes

No blood supply or innervation

Flexible: stronger under compression versus tension

Easy to injure and difficult to repair (hard to get nutrients to chondrocytes and diffusion must happen through the gel matrix)

A part of growth tissue in fetus and juvenile (grows rapidly due to have both surface and intestinal growth)

In adults: ears, nose, larynx, joints

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9
Q

Components of calcified cartilage

A

Mineralized (hydroxyapatite in gel matrix)

Unorganized microstructure (mineral added between cartilage cells)

Stronger than cartilage, but repair is more difficult due to hydroxyapatite blocking mineral diffusion

Found in shark vertebrae, horse larynx, deepest articular cartilage

Transitional tissue: toward endovhondral bone formation

Calcification can be pathogenic

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10
Q

Bone is a composite tissue made of

A

Organic and inorganic components

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11
Q

Organic components of bone

A

Osteoids (type 1 collage and bone matrix proteins): includes osteocalcin, 20-25% of bone weight

Cells: some derived from mesenchyme (osteocytes and osteoblasts), some derived from hematopoietic tissues (osteoclasts)

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12
Q

Inorganic components of bone

A

Hydroxyapatite (bone is mineralized); makes up 60-70% of bone weight

Water

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13
Q

Is bone active and living

A

Yes

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14
Q

How does bone grow

A

Grows only at the surface, does not grow between Old bone, and grows slower than cartilage it is remodeled throughout life

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15
Q

Can bone repair injuries

A

Yes

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16
Q

Describe bone blood supply

A

Received 5-10% of cardiac output
Blood vessels are in the Haversian canals

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17
Q

Does bone have sensory innervation

A

Yes

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18
Q

Physiological functions of bone

A

Mineral reservoir, calcium homeostasis, source of blood cells, hematopoiesis in red marrow, energy source and storage (during growth, red marrow is replaced by fat, becoming yellow marrow)

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19
Q

Endocrine functions of bone

A

Release osteocalcin: insulin regulation, bone development and function, testosterone formation and release

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20
Q

Endochondral Ossification helps establish…

A

Hematopoietic niche

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21
Q

Long bones

A

Cylindrical, act as levers, form from at least 3 centers of ossification (diaphysis and 2 epiphyses)

Limb bones: humerus, radius, u;mA, femur, tibia, fibula

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22
Q

Short bones

A

No dimensión greatly exceeding others
Form from single center of ossification
Carpal and tarsal bones

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23
Q

Flat bones

A

Expand in 2 directions
Skull bones, scapula, pelvic bones

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24
Q

What can elevations, depressions, and bumps on the external surface provide

A

Attachment sites for various soft tissue

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25
Q

Long bone proximal to distal parts

A

Epiphysis
Growth plate/physis
Diaphysis
Metaphysis (contains physis)
Epiphysis

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26
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of the bone

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27
Q

Physis

A

Growth plate
Cartilaginous
Present while bone is growing

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28
Q

Metaphysis

A

Contains the growth plate

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29
Q

Epiphysis

A

Important for stabilizing joints during growth

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30
Q

Compact bone

A

Structural and dense

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31
Q

Trabecular bone

A

Spongy and flexible

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32
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Marrow where blood is formed

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33
Q

Periosteum

A

On outer surface of bone
Living tissue helping build and maintain bones
Fibrous outer layer (fibers, elastin, vessels, nerves)
Inner osteogenic cell layer

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34
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin membrane lining marrow cavity
Living tissue, helps build and maintain bones

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35
Q

Is bone strong and resilient?
Is it strong under compression, even more than concrete and granite?

A

Yes

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36
Q

Lacunae is occupied by

A

Osteocytes (bone cells)

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37
Q

Where are osteocytes located

A

Situated,between lamellar forming concentric bone structures surrounding Haversian canals

38
Q

What connects adjacent osteocytes

A

Canaliculi

39
Q

Mechanoreceptive system is formed by what cells

A

Osteocytes

40
Q

Osteons make up

A

Haversian systems

41
Q

Osteons are made of ….. and surround ……

A

Made up of Haversian canals and surround circular lamellae

42
Q

Haversian systems/Osteons contain …… and …… in compact bone

A

Vessels and nerves

43
Q

A large nutrient artery enters the …….. ……… in diaphysis

A

Nutrient foramen

44
Q

Smaller vessels supply what bones parts

A

Metaphysis and epiphysis

45
Q

Capillaries from …… and …… enter bone

A

Periosteum and endosteum

46
Q

Since there are arteries in bones, there are also 3 other things:

A

Veins, lymphatics, and nerves

47
Q

Growth p;ate affects how ……. Moves through bone

A

Blood

48
Q

Do blood vessels cross physis

A

No, there is a separate blood supply for growth

49
Q

Once the physis is closed off during growth, what happens

A

Epiphyseal artery and main nutrient artery meet up

50
Q

How does endochondral bone grow

A

Endochondral ossification

51
Q

What is the precursor of Endochondral bone

A

Cartilage precursor

52
Q

What do Endochondral bones form

A

Mesenchyme

53
Q

Ossification begins in utero, meaning:

A

First in diaphysis, later in epiphysis

54
Q

2 ways bone is added to the diaphysis

A
  1. Replacement of cartilage
  2. Conversion of perichondrium to periosteum
55
Q

All Endochondral ossification-derived bones have periosteal bone that forms concomitantly via

A

Intramembranous ossification

56
Q

Where is Endochondral bone found

A

Axial skeleton, limb skeleton, ventral braincase

57
Q

How does dermal bone grow

A

Intramembranous ossification

58
Q

Is there a cartilage precursor in dermal bone growth

A

No

59
Q

Where does trabeculae form

A

Directly in membrane

60
Q

For dermal bone growth, bones grow…

A

Outward (growth zone is at the edge of developing bone at suture)

61
Q

Example of membrane bone

A

Thin flat bones of skull roof derived from neural crest cells

62
Q

What is a sesamoid bone

A

Bones that form within the tendons

63
Q

Functions of sesamoid bone

A

Prevents muscle from deforming as it flexes or extends
Helps improve muscle leverage (patella helps strengthen knee stifle extension)

64
Q

Ligaments

A

Bundles of connective tissue fibers
Connect bones at joints
Permit motion but also limit motion

65
Q

Joint capsules

A

Found at synovial joints

66
Q

Synovial joints include

A

Synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
Fibrous outer layer
Capsular ligaments

67
Q

Meniscus

A

Cartilage spacer or pad for femur to sit on

68
Q

Bursa

A

Protective cushions between bones and tissues
Have synovial membrane and fluid
Distinct from joint capsules: NOT between bones

69
Q

Three types of joints

A

Synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous

70
Q

Synovial joints are the most …… joints

A

Mobile

71
Q

Synovial joints are lubricated by

A

Synovial fluid, allowing smooth motion

72
Q

Amount of motion at a joint is restricted by ….

A

Ligaments

73
Q

Flat joints

A

Slide

74
Q

Barrel-shaped joints (hinge)

A

Flex and extend

75
Q

Pivot joints

A

Allow bone to pivot on long axis (like shaking head)

76
Q

Ball and socket joints

A

Allow flexión and extension, abduct and adduct, pivot, and circumduct

77
Q

Flexion

A

Reduces the angle of a joint (bending elbow or arching over)

78
Q

Extension

A

Increases the angle of a joint (straightening elbow or stretching back)

79
Q

Pronation

A

Internal rotation (turning your palm toward the floor)

80
Q

Supination

A

External rotation (turning your palm to face upward)

81
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the midline (spreading fingers or limbs apart)

82
Q

Adduction

A

Movement toward the midline (bringing fingers or limbs together)

83
Q

Overextension

A

Extension past 180 degrees (horse fetlock bending backward)

84
Q

Circumduction

A

Movement along a conical surface (hips and shoulders)

85
Q

Fibrous joints allow limited motion and are connected by

A

Connective tissue (NOT SYNOVIAL FLUID)

86
Q

3 types of fibrous joints

A

Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphosis

87
Q

Sutures

A

Connect membrane bones to each other (bones in the skull roof)

88
Q

Syndesmoses

A

Connect Endochondral bones to each other (between ulna/radius and tibia/fibula)

89
Q

Gomphosis

A

Connection between a tooth and jaw

90
Q

Cartilaginous bones are the least

A

Mobile

91
Q

Synchondrosis

A

Connected by cartilage
Growth plates in young animals
Joints between skull and hyoid or ribs and sternum

Cartilaginous joint

92
Q

Symphysis

A

Multiple tissues
Forms a complex sandwich that connects the bones
Bone—cartilage—CT—cartilage—Bone
Pelvic, intervertebral, and mandibular symphyses

Bones And Joints (2 decks)

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