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PFT > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

has a large amount of functional reserve.

A

pulmonary system

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2
Q

can result in a significant degree of pulmonary dysfunction

A

injury or illness

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3
Q

can severely limit the length or quality of an individual’s life

A

pulmonary dysfunction

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4
Q

in these forms, pulmonary disorders can cause death within minutes

A

acute

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5
Q

can take years before resulting in an individual’s death, but many of those years may be spent with serious disability and a poor quality of life.

A

chronic disorders

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6
Q

pulmonary disorders must be ___?

A

detected and treated at the earliest possible time.

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7
Q

plays a significant role in modern health care

A

pulmonary function testing

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8
Q

used to assess the integrated function of the structures that comprise the thoracic/pulmonary system.

A

pulmonary function testing

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9
Q

structures of the thoracic/pulmonary system

A
  • lungs
  • air passages serving the lungs
  • thoracic abdominal structures that surround the lungs
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10
Q

lungs are composed of:

A
  • parenchyma

- vasculature

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11
Q

entire lobe of the lungs

A

parenchyma

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12
Q

area of the lungs capable of gas exchange

A

parenchyma

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13
Q

composed of blood vessels, blood

A

vasculature

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14
Q

air passages serving the lungs are composed of:

A
  • upper respiratory tract

- lower respiratory tract

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15
Q

upper respiratory tract includes:

A
  • mouth
  • nose
  • larynx
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16
Q

lower respiratory tract includes:

A
  • trachea
  • mainstem bronchi
  • all intrapulmonary airways
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17
Q

thoracic/abdominal structures that surround the lungs include:

A
  • pleura
  • support structures of the thoracic wall
  • muscles of ventilation and controlling nerves
  • abdominal contents
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18
Q

lung, cavity, and space between chest

A

pleura

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19
Q

covers the outer surface of the lungs

A

visceral pleura

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20
Q

forms the lining of the thoracic cavity

A

parietal pleura

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21
Q

support structures of the thoracic wall include:

A
  • ribs
  • sternum
  • costal cartilages
  • thoracic vertebrae
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22
Q

how many pairs of ribs?

A

12

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23
Q

muscles for normal inspiration

A
  • inner intercostal muscle

- diaphragm

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24
Q

muscles for normal expiration

A

no muscles, lungs recoil naturally

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25
Q

muscles for forceful inspiration

A 
SUPAS
Sternocleidomastoid 
Upper Trapezius 
Pectoralis Major 
Anterior, Middle Posterior Scalene 
Serratus APS
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26
Q

muscles for Forceful expiration

A

ASI
Abdominal muscle
Serratus API
Internal Intercostal muscle

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27
Q

controlling nerves that keep the diaphragm alive

A

c3, c4, c5

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28
Q

the additional volume of air that the lungs can inhale and exhale when breathing to the limit of capacity in times of stress

A

pulmonary reserve

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29
Q

can cause measurable abnormalities in pulmonary function.

A

dysfunction of one or more of the thoracic/abdominal structural components

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30
Q

a reduced ability to move air into and out of the lungs because of?

A

airway resistance problems

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31
Q

key method used for evaluating and managing pulmonary disorders.

A

pulmonary function testing

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32
Q

three basic factors that can, either individually or in some combination, contribute to a person having a limited tolerance for physical activities:

A

Poor conditioning.
The presence of a pulmonary dysfunction.
The presence of a cardiovascular dysfunction.

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33
Q

Limitations caused by pulmonary or cardiovascular dysfunction may be improved, at least to some degree, through the use of

A

therapeutic measures.

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34
Q

can be used both to detect the presence of dysfunction and to monitor
a subject’s progress in either improving conditioning or benefiting from treatment.

A

cardiopulmonary stress testing

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35
Q

indications include:

A

medical diagnosis
surgery-related evaluation
disability evaluation
public health/research

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36
Q

medical diagnosis includes:

A
  • determination of the presence of a disorder.
  • Assessment of thane degree to which pulmonary function or exercise tolerance is affected by injury or disease.
  • determination of the pathologic nature of a disorder.
  • planning of therapy required for treating and managing a disorder
  • evaluation of the therapeutic effectiveness of medical intervention for a disorder (bronchdilator therapy)
  • monitoring the progression of a disorder (primary pulmonary disorders, neuromuscular disorders).
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37
Q

surgery-related evaluation include:

A
  • Preoperative risk assessment (anesthesia /surgical procedure).
  • postoperative assessment of the effects of thoracic surgery.
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38
Q

disability evaluation include:

A

-rehabilitation (to monitor the effects of a rehabilitation program on the progress
of a disorder).
-Insurance (documentation of baseline function or changes in function).
-Legal (doocumentation for Social Security, personal injury lawsuits, etc.)

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39
Q

public health/research includes:

A
  • epidemiologic survey

- general or specific data accumulation

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40
Q

The most extensive studies of functio and exercise tolerance are performed in

A

hospitals in a laboratory setting

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41
Q

other settings where pft can be performed

A
  • The bedside, either in a general patient-care setting or in an critical-care area.
  • a physician’s clinic
  • The workplace or other non-health care setting such as a shopping mall, school, etc.
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42
Q

often provide the first indication that an individual is experiencing some degree of dysfunction

A

Tests performed in non-health care settings

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43
Q

plays a significant role in the activities of a pulmonary function
laboratory.

A

specialized equipment

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44
Q

are instruments used to measure the volumes of air that are inhaled and exhaled during breathing

A

spirometers

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45
Q

published a paper on the use of water-sealed spirometer to measure vital capacities in 1846

A

john hutchinson

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46
Q

his work formed a basis for identifying pulmonary tuberculosis before it was clinically symptomatic

A

john hutchinson

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47
Q

spirometers can be classified as functioning by one of two possible operating principles:

A

primary volume measuring (PVM) spirometers

primary flow measuring (PFM) spirometers

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48
Q

the volume of air moving into and/or out of the subject’s lungs is measured directly

A

primary volume measuring spirometers

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49
Q

Air flow rates must be determined indirectly.

A

PVM spirometers

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50
Q

air flow rates may be determined by measurements on a graphic tracing of the spirometer’s movement during the breathing maneuver.

A

some PVM spirometers

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51
Q

Air flow rates can also be determined by electronic systems linked to the spirometer.

A

PVM spirometers

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52
Q

Air flow rates can also be determined by ??? linked to the spirometer

A

electronic systems

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53
Q

directly measure the flow rate of the inhaled and/or exhaled air.

A

PFM spirometers

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54
Q

Volume must be determined indirectly

A

PFM spirometers

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55
Q

Electronic systems are generally used to calculate volumes because?

A

air flow rates can change significantly during a single breathing maneuver.

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56
Q

cannot easily be performed manually

A

volume determinations

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57
Q

fv loop sign of obstructive?

A

scooping

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58
Q

fv loop sign of restrictive?

A

small loop

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59
Q

3 components

A

Lung volumes and Capacities
Airway Mechanics
DLCO

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60
Q

are measured independently

A

lung volumes

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61
Q

derived from two or more lung volumes

A

lung capacities

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62
Q

It is the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal tidal volume

A

inspiratory reserve volume (irv)

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63
Q

irv amount

A

3100 mL

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64
Q

It is the volume of air that can be exhaled forcibly after exhalation of normal tidal volume.

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume(ERV)

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65
Q

erv amount

A

1200 mL

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66
Q

It is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation.

A

Residual Volume(RV)

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67
Q

lung volume that can’t be measured normally

A

residual volume

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68
Q

can measure residual volume

A

nitrogen washout
helium dilution
body plethysmography

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69
Q

RV amount

A

1200 ml

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70
Q

It is the amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled during one respiratory cycle

A

Tidal Volume(TV)

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71
Q

tv amount

A

500 ml

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72
Q

It is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following a resting state.

A

Inspiratory capacity(IC)

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73
Q

irv + tv

A

Inspiratory capacity(IC)

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74
Q

Inspiratory capacity(IC) amount

A

3600 ml

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75
Q

It is the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal exhalation.

A

Function Residual Capacity(FRC)

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76
Q

erv + rv

A

Function Residual Capacity(FRC)

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77
Q

frc amount

A

2400 ml

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78
Q

It is the total amount of air exhaled after maximal inhalation.

A

Vital Capacity(VC)

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79
Q

TV+IRV+ERV

A

vital capacity

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80
Q

It is the maximum volume of air the lungs can accommodate

A

Total Lung Capacity(TLC)

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81
Q

vc amount

A

4800

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82
Q

tlc amount

A

6000 ml

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83
Q

lung capacities that cannot be measured by simple spirometry

A

FRC

TLC

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84
Q

ability to perform inhalation and exhalation

A

airway mechanics

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85
Q

normal action of the diaphragm

A

piston motion

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86
Q

movement of diaphragm during inspiration

A

downward, outward

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87
Q

movement of diaphragm during exhalation

A

upward, inward

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88
Q

dlco meaning

A

diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide

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89
Q

ability of the lungs to perform gas exchange

A

DLCO

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90
Q

PVN spirometers are of two categories

A
  • volume-collectinglvolume-dispiacement spiromeeters

- flow-through spirometers.

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91
Q

PVM spiroineters used iri the laboratory are generally

A

volume-collecting or volume-displacement devices.

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92
Q

the subject’s expiratory air moves into the spirometer, and his or her inspiratory air moves back out from it.

A

volume-collectinglvolume-dispiacement spirometers

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93
Q

Volume collecting or volume-displacement spirometers may be of

A

water-sealed
dry-sealed
beflows type

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94
Q

measures air as it passes completely through.

A

flow-through PVM spirometer

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95
Q

Volumes are not collected within the device.

A

flow-though

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96
Q

The only spirometer of this category is the rotor/turbine spirometer.

A

flow-through

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97
Q

The only spirometer of this flow-through is the

A

rotor/turbine spirometer.

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98
Q

consist of a double-walled, stationary cylinder that has water between the double walls

A

Water-sealed spirometers

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99
Q

is suspended above and inside the stationary cylinder of ws spirometer

A

freely moving cylindrical bell

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100
Q

serves as an airtight, low-friction seal for the bell.

A

water

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101
Q

It ensures that spirometer movement is in exact proportion to subject breathing volumes.

A

water

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102
Q

The spirometer bell moves downward as the subject ??? and upward as the subject ???.

A

inhales, exhales

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103
Q

can be simple or very complex systems

A

water-sealed spirometers

104
Q

may have only a single breathing tube connected to the spirometer

A

simple system

105
Q

Their use is limited to single-breath volume/flow studies

A

simple systems

106
Q

with a double tube, one-way breathing arrangement

A

complex systems

107
Q

can be used for studies that involve prolonged breathing on the spirometer.

A

complex systems

108
Q

Spirorneter bells are available in different sizes, ranging from ??? of volume.

A

7 to 14 liters

109
Q

determines the distance that the bell will need to move in response to a given breathing volume

A

bell diameter

110
Q

small-diameter bells travel a ??? distance than do larger bells

A

greater

111
Q

When volume determinations are made from a direct spirometer tracing, this ??? must be included in the calculations.

A

bell factor

112
Q

there have been two configmations for watersealed spirometers

A

chain-compensated spirometer

Stead-Wells spirometer

113
Q

was the first spirometer to be used

A

chain-compensated spirometer

114
Q

It was originally designed with a light-weight metal bell, although today it is available with a plastic bell.

A

chain-compensated spirometer

115
Q

is suspended from a chain that is looped over a pulley

A

counterweight

116
Q

In simple models, a pen attached to the counterweight may be used
to make ??

A

spirograms

117
Q

used to make spirograms

A

kymograph

118
Q

may experience dizziness because carbon dioxide may be rebreathed

A

simple systems

119
Q

no separate instrument for exhalation

A

simple systems

120
Q

is very accurate for simple volume measurement.

A

chain-compensated

121
Q

with breathing maneuvers that include rapid respiratory rates or rapid changes in air flow rates, some accuracy is lost

A

chain-compensated

122
Q

lost accuracy in chain-compensated due to the mass of the bell and counterweight and their resulting ??

A

inertia

123
Q

may not change in immediate response to changes in the subject’s breathing.

A

Spirometer movement

124
Q

The use of ?? on more modern units somewhat reduces this inertia.

A

plastic bells

125
Q

was developed in response to the inertia problems exhibited by the chain-compensated configuration

A

stead-wells spirometer

126
Q

a system with better frequency response and better response to rapid flow rate changes

A

stead-wells

127
Q

spirograms can be made with a pen attached directly to the spirometer bell.

A

stead-wells

128
Q

very rugged and dependable

A

water-sealed spirometers

129
Q

because of their size must be used primarily as stationary laboratory systems

A

water-sealed

130
Q

Either??? or ??? may be used to make spirograms

A

mechanical recording systems

electronic recording system

131
Q

some volume measurement error can occur if there are ?? in the system.

A

Leaks

132
Q

what produces system leaks in water-sealed

A

Damage to the tubing system or bell or inadequate water levels in the spirometer

133
Q

With the chain-cmpensated type of spirometer, volume measurement
error can also result when mechanical problems cause

A

resistance to the movement of chain

134
Q

They consist of a rod-mounted piston within a cylinder

A

dry-sealed

135
Q

ds spirometer ?? is made of plastic or a lightweight metal.

A

piston

136
Q

Because it is designed to move ???, the piston does not

require a counterweight mechanism

A

horizontally

137
Q

chain compensated spirometer inspiration, bell ??, pen ??

A

down, up

138
Q

stead-well, bell up, pen ??

A

up

139
Q

A pen for spirogram tracings can be attached to the

A

piston rod

140
Q

is used to make the system airtight.

A

silicone plastic (silastic) rolling seal

141
Q

consists of a tube that is approximately the same diameter as the piston/cylinder.

A

silicone plastic (silastic) rolling seal

142
Q

The ?? is fastened to the inner wall of

the cylinder.

A

”outside” free end of the seal

143
Q

The ?? is attached to the edge of the piston.

A

”inside” free end

144
Q

Maintenance of ?? is less of a problem than it is for water-sealed spirometers.

A

dry-sealed spirometers

145
Q

may cause resistance to piston movement.

A

mechanical malfunctions

146
Q

are constructed of a flexible plastic material that is designed to collapse in folds.

A

bellows spirometers

147
Q

unfolds and expands with the subject’s expiration and collapses with his or her inspiration.

A

bellows

148
Q

There are two possible bellows designs

A

fully expanding bellows

wedge-shaped bellows

149
Q

opens and closes like an accordion

A

fully expanding bellows

150
Q

fully expands only along one edge, similar to the opening and closing of a book

A

wedge-shaped bellows

151
Q

Smaller, more portable units generally make use of a bellows that expands

A

up and down vertically

152
Q

Larger, primarily laboratory-based systems use bellows that expand

A

back and forth horizontally.

153
Q

can offer the same accuracy as other PVM spirometers.

A

Large, horizonta1Iy expanding bellows systems

154
Q

Little routine maintenance is required.

A

bellows spirometers

155
Q

can cause the bellows folds to be more resistant to expanding

A

Collection of dirt and moisture within the bellows or aging of the bellows material

156
Q

can occur in the bellows over time

A

cracks and tears

157
Q

provide an excellent measure of breathing volumes.

A

Volume-collecting/volume-displacement devices

158
Q

may be a source of error with rapid changes in air flow rates or subject respiratory rates.

A

inertia of their moving physical components

159
Q

Laboratory-based systems of this type are used to perform complex tests that
involve prolonged subject breathing on the spirometer.

A

Volume-collecting/volume-displacement spirometers

160
Q

Recording systems for PVM spirometers can be either

A

mechanical or electronic.

161
Q

involve the movement pen along one axis and paper movement

along the perpendicular axis

A

mechanical systems

162
Q

can be fastened to a rotating drum or may be moved linearly.

A

paper

163
Q

is attached to the bell/piston/bellows

A

pen

164
Q

electronic systems use a

A

potentiometer

165
Q

positioned to rotate in response to movement of the bell/piston/bellows

A

potentiometer

166
Q

the resulting electrical signal can be used to produce tracings by
the means of

A

electronic recorder

167
Q

The air that leaves the subject is at

A

btps, body temperature and pressure

168
Q

the only type of PVM spirometer that allow the measured air to pass completely through the device as the volume is measured.

A

rotor spirometers

169
Q

The most frequently used rotor spirometer configuration is

A

wright-type spirometer

170
Q

Measurement is based on the rotation of a rectangular, vanelike rotor

A

rotor spireometers

171
Q

rotor spirometer Measurement is based on the

A

rotation of a rectangular, vanelike rotor

172
Q

The rotor consists of a very thin, lighteight metal blade.

A

rotor

173
Q

Measurement through the device is ?? because of how the slots and rotor blades are arranged.

A

unidirectional

174
Q

Volume measurement by rotor spirometers is similar to the operation of a

A

turnstile

175
Q

The instruction manual of one spirometer states that the rotor makes ?? for each liter of air passing through the chamber.

A

150 revolutions

176
Q

Measurement error can result from ?? in rotor spirometers.

A

inertia of the mechanical components

177
Q

Damage to the rotor can occur when flow rates exceed

A

300 l/min.

178
Q

are limited primarly to handheld use at the bedside for measurement of unforced breathing maneuvers

A

rotor spirometers

179
Q

Measurement of a ?? with a rotor spirometer can result in damage to the rotor

A

forced expiratory maneuver

180
Q

provide a direct measurement of air flow rates.

A

PFM (primary flow measuring) spirometers

181
Q

The flow-rate measurement can then be integrated electronically, on the basis of ???, into a volume measurement.

A

time

182
Q

The different types of PFM spirometers

A

differential-pressure pneumotachometers
thermal anemometers
ultrasonic sensor spirometers.

183
Q

have a flow-resistive structure (element) in the path of the gas stream

A

Differential-pressure pneumnotachometers

184
Q

They function on the basis of how changes in air flow rates through the element affect upstream/downstream pressure relationships within the device

A

Differential-pressure pneurmotachometers

185
Q

in differential pneumotachometer, ?? is greater than ??

A

p1, p2

186
Q

As air flow rates increase, the difference between PI and P2 ???

A

also increases.

187
Q

is used to measure the pressure difference within the device.

A

differential-pressure strain gauge transducer

188
Q

is produced by the pressure transducer

A

DC analog electrical signal

189
Q

Changes in the electrical signal are ??? to changes in the air flow rate.

A

directly proportional

190
Q

V = AP/R

A

poiseulle’s law

191
Q

This relationship is true only if air flow through the sensor is

A

laminar

192
Q

This helps prevent condensation within the device from moisture in the subject’s exhaled air

A

spirometer sensor is heated to approximately body temperature

193
Q

sensor makes use of a corrugated metal element.

A

fleisch-type/ fleisch style

194
Q

2 types of differential pressure pneumotachometers

A

fleisch

lilly

195
Q

most widely used PFM

A

differential pressure pneumotachometer

196
Q

air flow rate is measured on the basis of how it affects the temperature of a heated element

A

thermal anemometer

197
Q

The element is general;y a platinum wire or small metal bead that produces no resistance to air flow

A

thermal anemometer

198
Q

used to keep the element at a fixed temperatre in termal anemometer

A

electrical current

199
Q

Increases in electrical current are ?? to increases in air flow
rates within the sensor

A

directly proportional

200
Q

is seriously affected by the humidity and temperature of the gas.

A

flow measurement by anemometers

201
Q

Accuracy may also be affected by physical characteristics of the gas,

A

such as density

202
Q

generally limited to unidirectional air flow measurement with separate inspiratory and expiratory sensors

A

anemometers

203
Q

use a beam of ultrasonic sound waves to measure air flow

A

ultrasonic sensor spirometers

204
Q

The beam detects a special type of gas stream turbulence called a

A

vortex

205
Q

s are produced by a baffle in the gas stream with the ultrasonic sensor located
downstream from it.

A

vortices

206
Q

Flow measurement in uss is based on an electronic count of the

A

pulses from the gas stream.

207
Q

PFM spirometer sensors must be ?? in order for flow measurement to be accurate

A

laminar

208
Q

designed to only measure peak expiratory flow rate (pefr)

A

dedicated peak flow meters

209
Q

The main component is generally a movable vane, disk, or sphere

A

dedicated peak flow meter

210
Q

two types of plethysmography systems.

A

Body plethysmography

Inductive plethysmography

211
Q

requires that the subject’s entire body be enclosed within a boxlike cabinet during testing.

A

body plethysmography

212
Q

involves the use of sensors strapped around the subject’s thorax and abdomen.
The equipment is smaller and less complicated

A

inductive plethysmography

213
Q

used for making two kinds of pulmonary function measurements.

A

body pleth

214
Q

. This can be used to determine total lung capacity

A

intrathoracic gas volume

215
Q

body pleth 2 function measurements

A

intrathoracic gas volume

airway resistance

216
Q

three types of direct measurements made with a Body pleth

A
  • Inspiratory and/or expiratory air flow rakes during the subject’s breathing cycle.
  • Air volume changes inside the sealed cabinet that result from expansion and contraction of the subject’s thorax.
  • Changes in air pressure at the subject’s mouth.
217
Q

are used to reflect changes in lung volume.

A

Cabinet air volume changes

218
Q

Mouth pressure changes, when the subject’s airway is mechanically obstructed, are interpreted as

A

changes in alveolar pressure

219
Q

Readings of mouth (alveolar) pressure compared against

changes in cabinet air volume are used to determine

A

lung volume.

220
Q

cabinet air volume changes compared against subject ventilatory air flow rates are used to determine

A

airway resistance.

221
Q

The cahinrt has a volume of approximately

A

600 liters

222
Q

In newer, well-designed models, the cabinet is constructed

largely of

A

plexiglass.

223
Q

This allows for good visibility of the subject. It also reduces any
claustrophobia that may be experienced by the subject.

A

plexiglass

224
Q

used for measuring ventilatory air flow rates that can vary with the brand of
plethysmograph used

A

pneumotachometer

225
Q

when activated, occludes the mechanical airway of the pneumotachometer

A

shutter

226
Q

it is used to measure pressure at the mouth

A

pressure transducer

227
Q

There are two very different methods for measuring body

pleth cabinet volume changes.

A

nonconstant-volume plethysmography cabinet

constant-volume, variable-pressure plethysmography cabinet.

228
Q

referred to as volume- or flow-type plethysrmographs.

A

nonconstant volume pleth

229
Q

These systems directly measure quantities of air that are forced to enter and leave the cabinet.

A

nonconstant-volume pleth

230
Q

have a pressure transducer connected to an opening in the cabinet wall.

A

constant-volume, variable-pressure plethysmograph

231
Q

pressure-type pleth

A

constant-volume, variable-pressure plethysmograph

232
Q

The transducer directly measures changes in cabinet pressure during subject breathing.

A

constant-volume, variable-pressure plethysmograph

233
Q

Some systems have a small leak built into the cabinet to allow for temperature

A

equilibrium

234
Q

recording system is an important BP component

A

biaxial (x-y) recorder with a very good frequency response.

235
Q

used to make indirect measurement of ventilatory parameters

A

respiratory inductive plethysmographs (rips)

236
Q

They allow the operator to determine breathing volumes without a
physical connection to the subject’s airway

A

rips

237
Q

This is done by evaluating the changes in thoracic and abdo~~al girth that the subject experiences during breathing

A

rips

238
Q

rips are measured by a

A

rib-cage strap (RC) and an abdominal strap (AB)

239
Q

The straps consist of ?? that are coiled like a te~ep~o~ie receiver cord.

A

teflon-insulated wires

240
Q

produces a magnetic field around the wires

A

alternating current

241
Q

resistance in the current flow through wires

A

inductance

242
Q

The RC strap is placed around the subject’s

A

chest with its upper border just below the axilla.

243
Q

The AB strap is placed at the

A

umbilical level with its upper border just below the rib cage

244
Q

may be easier to use than a standard spirometer with infants, subjects on mechanical ventilation, sleeping subjects, and small animals

A

RIPS

245
Q

need frequent calibration to maintain accuracy

A

RIPS

246
Q

are often used in spirometer systems to control the movement of gas flow through the system.

A

Directional breathing valves and directional control valves

247
Q

T- or Y-shaped valves that are used at the subject connection of a spirometer breathing circuit

A

directional breathing valves

248
Q

have three gas flow ports, and the subject’s mouthpiece is attached to one of them.

A

directional breathing valve

249
Q

Well-designed directional breathing valves must

A
  • Have a low resistance to inspiratory and expiratory air flow.
  • Have a small deadspace volume to minimize rebreathing of previously exhaled air.
  • Be relatively easy to clean after use
250
Q

The purpose of the directional breathing valve is

A

to separate the direction of the subject’s inspiratory air flow from the direction of the expiratory air flow.

251
Q

are similar in their purpose to traffic signals

A

Directional control valves

252
Q

They permit control and changes in the direction of gas flow within the
breathing circuit.

A

Directional control valves

253
Q

used to direct the flow at different times as needed during a test io different portions of the breathing circuit

A

Directional control valves

254
Q

are often necdcd when more complex tests are performed with a spirometer system.

A

Directional control valves

255
Q

simple dcv systems controlled

A

manually by technologist

256
Q

complex systems dcv controlled

A

computer

PFT (3 decks)

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