INTRODUCTION Flashcards
Three disciplines devoted to drugs
Pharmacology
Pharmacognosy
Medicinal chemistry
Two constituents of drugs:
Active constituents
Inert constituents
Compounds that are responsible for the therapeutic effect.
Active constituents
Constituent with no pharmacologic activity
Inert constituents
Three secondary constituents
Heredity
Ontogeny
Environmental Factors
Study of the biochemical pathways leading to the formation of secondary constituents used as drugs
Drug biosynthesis
Made papyrus ebers
George Ebers
Content of papyrus ebers
Use of plant & animals in medicine
Egyptian document
Papyrus ebers
Book authored by Dioscorides
De Materia Medica
Content of De Materia Medica
Use of 600 medicinal plants
Method of processes of preparing formulas containing animal & plant drugs
Galenical pharmacy
Name of Galen
Claudius Galen
Who coined the term Pharmacognosy
C. A. Sydler
Words where pharmacognosy is derived from
pharmakon - “drug”
gnosis - “knowledge
First one to use the term Pharmacognosy in literature
J.A. Schmidth
French Pharmacist and made quinine w/ the collaboration of Pelletiere
Joseph Caventou
Phytochemist who discovered codein and narcotine
Pierre Robiquet
German Pharmacist who discovered hyoscyamine
Rudolf Brandes
Discovered atropine w/ the collaboration of Rudolf Brandes
Philip Geiger
Father of Botany
Theophrastus
Plant grows in their native countries
Indigenous
Grew in foreign land other than their native countries
Naturalized
Substances that are found in nature that comprise whole plants & herbs
Natural substances
Single substance/s which are considered as chief constituents of the drugs
Derivatives
Vegetable or animal drugs that consist of natural substances that have undergone only the presence of COLLECTION & DRYING.
Crude drugs
Three classifications of drug constituents
Natural
Semi-synthetic
Totally synthetic
Classification of drug constituents that are directly obtained from nature
Natural constituents
Classification of drug constituents from chemical modification of a natural constituent
Semi-synthetic
Ex: Camphor from Camphor Plants
What classification of drug constituent?
Natural constituent
Ex: Camphor < pinene < pine trees
What classification of drug constituent?
Semi-synthetic
Classification of drug constituent that manufactures from chemical synthesis
Totally synthetic
5 ways of preparation of crude drugs
Collection Harvesting Drying Curing Garbling Packaging, storage, preservation
What to do in the collection of crude drugs?
Select the species to cultivate
Two ways of harvesting of crude drugs
Manual labor
Mechanical devices
What does drying of species lower?
Bacterial growth
Fungi growth
Hydrolysis
Method of enhancing the properties of the active ingredient
Curing
Physical process of removing extraneous material
Exposure of the drug to 65C Temperature
Methyl Bromide
Chloroform
Simplest form in preventing insect attacks & other form of destruction
Exposure of the drug to 65C Temperature
Use of methyl bromide in preservation of drugs
Fumigation of large lots of crude drugs
Amount of chloroform to control insect attack
Few drops
5 Methods of Evaluation of Crude Drugs
Biological Chemical Microcopic Morphological Physical
4 classifications of drugs
Morphologic
Taxonomic
Pharmacologic
Chemical
Classification of drug that is based on the part used
Morphologic
Classification of drug that is based on the relationship or phylogeny
Taxonomic
Classification of drugs that are based on therapeutic activity
Pharmacologic
Classification of drugs that is based on the chemical class of the constituents
Chemical classification