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GEOG 323 > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Map?

A
  • form of communication

- cartography is the art and science of map making

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2
Q

What are the needs for maps?

A
  • store information
  • analyze information
  • compare information
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3
Q

Kinds of Map?

A
  • road maps
  • topographic maps
  • landscape map
  • social map
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4
Q

Thematic Maps

A
  • portray a single or associated group of features that depict a specific theme
  • maps consist of a base map for locational reference and one or more thematic layers
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5
Q

What are the two types of thematic maps?

A
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6
Q

List Qualitative Map Features

A

Location, Boundaries, Routes, Nominal

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7
Q

List Quantitative Features of a Map

A

Isopleths, Proportional Symbols, Dot Maps, Cartograms, Flow Maps, Choropleths

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8
Q

What is a Virtual Map

A

a map that is viewable, but without physical or tangible reality

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9
Q

What is a mental map?

A

general description as mental images that have spatial attributes

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10
Q

How are Maps and GIS related?

A
  • GIS excels in processing geographical information

- better at processing and analyzing data

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11
Q

What are the essentials map elements?

A 
Title
mapped area
map symbols
legend
annotation
location maps
ancillary elements
scale 
north arrow
graticule
borders and neatlines 
credits
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12
Q

Main map elements

A 
title
scale
north arrow
legend
neatline
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13
Q

Does a map need a title

A

YES

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14
Q

Does the map need a scale

A

depends

  • if the map involves distance measurements
  • for thematic map you do not need a scale bar
  • if the scale has been enlarged or reduced then add a scale bar
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15
Q

Does a map need a north arrow?

A
  • if the scale is small, if projection is not conformal then it does not need one
  • if the orientation is not “up is north”
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16
Q

Does a map need a neatline?

A

Yes

- acts to contain all data

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17
Q

Does a map need a legend?

A

Yes

- list the symbols on the map

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18
Q

What are other elements?

A
  • Name of cartographer
  • data source
  • projection
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19
Q

What were John Kriegers Six Commandments

A
  1. Map Important information
  2. dont lie
  3. label effectively
  4. minimize map noise
  5. map layout matters
  6. evaluate your map
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20
Q

What are the five primarly design principles for cartography?

A
  1. visual contrast
  2. legibility
  3. figure ground organization
  4. hierarchical organization
  5. balance
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21
Q

What is visual contrast?

A

when features stand out depending on their colour differences

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22
Q

What is legibility?

A

Having text seen and understood

bolding text is helpful

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23
Q

What is Figure Ground?

A

The ability to separate elements based upon contrast

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24
Q

What is Hierarchical Organization ?

A

presentation of elements based on significance

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25
Q

What is the typical organization scheme?

A
  1. symbols
  2. title, legend, materials
  3. base map
  4. water features
  5. other map
  6. map sourcing
  7. neatline
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26
Q

What is balance with mapping

A

if not done right affects quality and interpretation

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27
Q

What is communication and visualization in mapping?

A

the representation of data in a viewable and understanding format

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28
Q

What is scale?

A 
ratio of map units to ground units
shows 
- distances
-area
-slope
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29
Q

How big are items on the map is they are large scale

A

individual items will be smaller

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30
Q

How big are items on a small scale map?

A

individual items will be large

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31
Q

Effects of scale

A

small scale :

  • mapped area is large
  • level of detail is low
  • level of abstraction is high
  • symbolization is more generalized

large scale:

  • mapped area is small
  • level of detail is high
  • level of abstraction is low
  • symbolization is less generalized
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32
Q

What are the four processes of generalization ?

A
  1. selection
  2. classification
  3. symbolization
  4. simplification
33
Q

Describe Selection

A

choose data to include and exclude depending on theme

34
Q

Describe Classification

A

organization of datasets into groups

35
Q

symbolization

A

two types

  1. replicative or real life objects (tree)
  2. abstract or not real life objects (square)
36
Q

Describe Simplification

A

a generalization of actual map features

37
Q

Transformations in Map Communication

A
  1. when the map is created

2. when the map is interpreted

38
Q

Ethics in Cartography

A
  1. always have a straight forward agenda
  2. always strive to know the audience
  3. do not intentionally lie with data
  4. always show relevant data
39
Q

what are the 6 design criteria to consider for lettering ?

A 
presence vs absence
form
colour
style
size
placement
40
Q

Factors to consider for lettering

A
  1. legibility
  2. perceptibility
  3. harmony
  4. search time
  5. suitability for production/reproduction
  6. contrast
  7. consistency
41
Q

What are the function of lettering ?

A 
Nominal Symbol (classes belong to systematic features)
Ordinal Symbol (show hierarchy among geographical places through size, tone, boldness)
42
Q

What are design criteria to consider?

A 
presence vs absense 
style 
form 
size 
colour
plaecment
43
Q

What are the four things to know about vocabulary

A

type family
type style
type face
type size

44
Q

what are the general guidelines for font style?

A

upper case for titles
upper case for primary areas
title case for subtitles
bold to inter difference in quanitiy

45
Q

Rules for front type

A 
stick to one 
change
- style 
-size
-colour
46
Q

Things to remember with font size

A

smallest recognizable font = 6pt
Size different should be very clear
avoid too many size differences

47
Q

When does crammping occur in letter spacing?

A

double OO
letters with strong lines NINE
OAJLPTV looks like there are holes in the word

48
Q

Where is the best label palcement

A

label 1 (top right)
label 2 (top left)
label 3 (bottom right)
label 4 (bottom left)
label 7
label 2 label 1
label 6 label 5
label 4 label 3
label 8

49
Q

What are the general guidelines for label placement

A
  • above rather than below
  • repeated for long features
  • lines may be interrupted
  • curved lettering
  • avoid anyting upside down
50
Q

What are some reminders for font colour

A

never use yellow on white, red on green, blue on black

51
Q

What are some factors to consider with typography?

A
  1. legibility
  2. preceptibility
  3. harmony
  4. search time
  5. suitability for production/reproduction
  6. contrast
  7. consistency
52
Q

What is Choropleth Mapping?

A
  • area + value
  • mapping with symbolized applied areas
  • mapping areal aggregated data
  • uses different shading, colours
53
Q

How is choropleth mapping separated?

A
  • continuous value within units that are separated by abrupt boundaries
  • uniformity within the data units
54
Q

What are some Aspatial Data Requirements

A
  • ratios, proportions, percentages, rates
55
Q

Explain the four parts of derived data

A
  1. ratio : frequency of a phenomena compared to another
  2. proportion : ratio between total in one group compared to total in all groups
  3. percent : proportion expressed as the number out of 100
  4. rate : number out of a large number
56
Q

Define some natural areal units

A
  • drainage basins
  • ecoregions
  • land cover/use
  • soil boundaries
57
Q

Define some artificial areal units

A
  • political

- census tract

58
Q

what is MAUP

A

modified areal unit problem

  • placing space into a region
  • data collected using boundaries
  • data results change when you move boundary lines
59
Q

What are choropleth map considerations

A

number and size of areal units

data is available at multiple levels

60
Q

How to map qualitative areal data

A
  • simple presence and absence
  • area on the map are different by colour, shading, pattern
  • nominal data
61
Q

What is a chorochromatic map ?

A

different coloured areas

pattern has no meaning besides present and absence

62
Q

Mapping quantitative data

A
  • choropleth maps

- size of data is dependent on the same colour region

63
Q

what are the two different types of choropleth maps?

A
  1. classless (puts colour to regions instead of grouping polygons into classes)
  2. range-graded choropleth map (data grouped into classes)
64
Q

Classless Choropleth maps

A
  • if these maps loose their boundaries they arent really considered choropleth maps
65
Q

Range Graded?

A
  • class intervals are key to success with choropleth maps

- classifys data

66
Q

What are the six steps in choropleth mapping?

A
  1. is the data suitable?
  2. order data (rank order)
  3. classes or range graded
  4. determine the number of classes
  5. determine the number of intervals (class break)
  6. determine visual clues to differentiate between classes
67
Q

How many classes is best to use?

A

4-6 everyone should be able to understand the data

68
Q

Number of classes

A 
fewer = louder message 
more = more information which may lead to confusion
69
Q

Natural Breaks Jenks

A
  • Classes are based on natural grouping present in the data
  • makes break points by picking class breaks
  • maximizes the difference between classes
70
Q

Quantile

A
  • each class contains an equal number of features
  • this can be misleading
  • features with widely different values can be put in the same class
71
Q

Equal Intervals

A
  • divides the range of attributes values in equal sized subranges
  • you can specify the number of intervals
  • you determine where the breaks sould be
72
Q

Standard Deviation

A
  • shows how far off some data is from the mean
  • two colour ramp is used for this
  • boundaries based on mean and SD
73
Q

Class Boundaries by Optimization

A
  • minimize variance within class

- maximize variance between class

74
Q

What is a GVF test ?

A

sum of squared deviation between classes / total sum of squared deviation

75
Q

How can you calculate SSDBG

A

its the total variation = between group variation + within group variation

76
Q

GVF Test

A
  • value of 1 is optimal
77
Q

Where to set class intervals?

A
  • constant step methods
  • common differences
  • quantiles
  • normal distribution
  • nested means
78
Q

Common Difference = Equal Interval

A
  1. calculate range
  2. common difference
  3. n= class number and UCL is an upper class limit

GEOG 323 (11 decks)

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