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Embryology > introduction > Flashcards

introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is embryology?

A

The science which describes the development process from a single cell (zygote) to a baby in 9 months

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2
Q

How many genes do humans have?

A

35,000

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3
Q

What is the maternal gamete called?

A

Oocyte

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4
Q

What is the paternal gamete called?

A

Sperm

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5
Q

What does the male gentle organ consist of?

A

The testis
The gentle ducts
The accessory glands

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6
Q

What do the testis do?

A

Produces sperm and secretes the male sex hormones

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7
Q

What do the testis consist of?

A

250 compartments called lobules

2-3 highly coiled seminiferous tubules

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8
Q

What two types of cells do the testis consist of?

A

Spermatogonia

Sertoil cells

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9
Q

What is the epididymis and where is it found?

A

A highly coiled duct behind the testis

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10
Q

What do the ovaries consist of?

A

Cortex and medulla

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11
Q

What is the cortex of the ovaries?

A

The cortex contains the ovarian follicles which undergo maturation to produce ova

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12
Q

What type of tissue does the medulla of the ovaries consist of?

A

The medulla consists of vascular connective tissue

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13
Q

What does the fallopian tube do?

A

Transmit the ovum to the uterus

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14
Q

What is the uterus?

A

A fast shaped muscular organ in which the embryo develops

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15
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The process by which one cell divides giving rise to two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell

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16
Q

What leads to genetic variability in meiosis?

A

Crossing over

Random distribution of homologous chromosomes

17
Q

What happens during crossing over?

A

Interchange of chromatid segments between paired homologous chromosomes
Segments of chromatids break and exchange as homologous chromosome separate

18
Q

What is chiasma?

A

The x-like structure that temporarily forms when crossing over occurs

19
Q

What are polar bodies?

A

During meiosis for daughter cells are formed
Only one of these develops into a mature gamete
The other three are called polar bodies and they received little cytoplasm and degenerate

20
Q

When oocytes and spermatocytes produce daughter cells, how many cells from each type develops into a mature gamete?

A

One from the oocyte

All four from the spermatocyte

21
Q

What are the causes of birth defects?

A

Chromosomal abnormalities

Gene mutations

22
Q

7% of major birth defects are caused by what ?

A

Chromosomal abnormalities

23
Q

8% of major birth defects are caused by what?

A

Gene mutations

24
Q

What is a dominant mutation?

A

It is when a mutant gene produces abnormality in single dose

25
Q

What is a recessive mutation?

A

A mutation that requires both alleles to be mutated for it to show

26
Q

What is monosomy?

A

When individual is missing a chromosome from a pair

27
Q

What is trisomy?

A

When an individual has more than two chromosomes of a pair

28
Q

What are structural chromosomal abnormalities?

A

They occur due to a loss of genetic material or rearrangement in the location of genetic material

29
Q

What is non-disjunction?

A

Failure of separation of the homologous pair of chromosomes

Both has move into the same cell

30
Q

When does non-disjunction occur?

A

In the first or the second meiotic division

31
Q

Give an example of trisomy

A

Down syndrome

32
Q

Give an example of monosomy

A

Turner syndrome

33
Q

What is trisomy caused by?

A

when an ovum containing XX is fertilized with sperm containing X causing a zygote to have XXX

34
Q

What is monosomy caused by?

A

When an ovum with no X chromosome is fertilized by a sperm with an X chromosome producing a zygote containing XO

35
Q

When does non-disjunction occur?

A

Mitosis in an embryonic cell

36
Q

Give an example of a condition non-disjunction produces

A

Mosaicism

37
Q

What is translocation?

A

When a piece of chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome

Embryology (3 decks)

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