Introduction

Question 1

adaptation

Answer 1

the tendency of speakers to stutter less and less (up to a point) when repeatedly reading a passage

Question 2

anticipation

Answer 2

an individuals ability to predict which words or sounds he will stutter on

Question 3

avoidance behavior

Answer 3

a speakers attempt to prevent stuttering when he or she anticipates stuttering on a word or in a situation. avoidance examples: inserting “uh”

Question 4

block

Answer 4

a disfluency that is an inappropriate stoppage of the flow of air or voice adn is often the movement of the articulators as well

Question 5

consistency

Answer 5

the tendency for speakers to stutter on the same words when reading a passage several times

Question 6

core behaviors

Answer 6

the basic speech behaviors of stuttering–repetition, prolongation, and block

Question 7

disfluency

Answer 7

an interruption of speech such as a repetition, hesitancy, or prolongation of sound that may occur in individuals that are developing typically or those with a stutter

Question 8

escape behavior

Answer 8

a speakers attempts to terminate a stutter and finish the word.

Question 9

fluency

Answer 9

the effortless flow of speech

Question 10

heterogeneity

Answer 10

differences among various types of a disorder

Question 11

incidence

Answer 11

an index of how many people have stuttered at some point in their lives

Question 12

normal disfluency

Answer 12

an interruption of speech in a typically developing individual

Question 13

prolongation

Answer 13

a disfluency in which sound or airflow continues but movement of the articulators is stopped

Question 14

repetition

Answer 14

a sound, syllable, or single-syllable word that is repeated several times.

Question 15

secondary behaviors

Answer 15

a speakers reactions to his or her repeitions, prolongation, and blocks in an attempt to end them quickly or avoid them.

Question 16

Can stuttering be cured?

Answer 16

Some cases spontaneously resolve as grow older. EI and elementary intervention helpful. Later treatment=more learned reactions=poorer prognosis

Question 17

What determines fluent versus disfluent speech?

Answer 17

fluency=effortless flow of speech. Location and frequency of pauses, rhythmic patterning, intonation and stress, overall rate, presence of extra sounds

Question 18

What are the core behaviors of stuttering?

Answer 18

Repetitions, prolongations, blocks

Question 19

Which are the most frequent in beginning stutterers?

Answer 19

repetitions

Question 20

What is typically the last core behavior to occur?

Answer 20

blocks

Question 21

What are the secondary behaviors of stuttering?

Answer 21

escape and avoidance

Question 22

What is typical dysfluency?

Answer 22

children may have temporary disfluencies while doing the hard task of learning a language. Everyone has some disfluencies.

Question 23

What is the typical onset of developmental stuttering?

Answer 23

2-3.5 years. Mixed sudden, intermediate, and gradual onset.

Question 24

What is the prevalence of stuttering?

Answer 24

Kindergarden: 2.4%

School age: about 1%

Question 25

What is the incidence of stuttering?

Answer 25

at least 8% have stuttered at some point

Question 26

What are the recovery stats for stuttering?

Answer 26

85% or higher recover

Question 27

What factors influence the persistency of stuttering?

Answer 27

Age of onset (older=more persistent), sex (males more likely to persist),

Question 28

What were old beliefs about stuttering?

Answer 28

1959: thought due to critical attitudes. Parents bullying kids into correcting the stutter creates the stutter

Question 29

What were the findings from twin studies?

Answer 29

Identical twins more concordant (62.5%) than fraternal (23%)

Question 30

Relation of early childhood trauma to stuttering?

Answer 30

infectious diseases, diseases of nervous system, anoxia at birth, preterm birth, childhood surgery, head injury, CP, ID, intense fear

Question 31

Studies about family history and stuttering?

Answer 31

inherited neuromotor instability. People with family history more likely to have:

• -more of severe core behaviors
• -longer durations of voiced segments of speech (not quite prolongations).
• -greater variation in length of unvoiced segments

Question 32

What are differences in brain function in stutterers?

Answer 32

Biggest difference: white matter tracts on left side less efficient than typical.

Underactivated L hemi broca’s area. Overactivated in the right hemisphere in homologous areas that are not optimal for the structure (not meant for for rapid processing). Could make more vulnerable to emotional interference.

Underactivated wernickes area. Deficits in self processing of sounds for feedback loop.

Part of left motor cortex overactivated.

Overactivation of basal ganglia (overactivation of go/no go signals). Prevent initiation of speech?

Decreased activity sensorimotor cortex. Areas for planning and initiation of movement.