INTRO2MAMMOGRAPHY Flashcards
ADULT FEMALE BREAST: ___ LOBES
15 - 20
BREAST TISSUE BEGINS TO DEVELOP AROUND SIX WEEKS IN UTERO
FETAL DEVELOPMENT
DUCTS ARE PRESENT BUT NON-FUNCTIONAL - RESTING STATE
PREPUBERTY
DUCTS ELONGATED DUE TO ESTROGEN - BREAST BUD APPEARS
PUBERTY
PROGESTERONE INFLUENCE INITIATION OF OVULATION; DUCTS ELONGATE; SIDE BRANCHES OF DUCTS AND LOBULAR ELEMENTS FORM
YOUNG ADULT
LOBULAR ELEMENTS ARE WELL FORMED
MATURITY
DISTAL DUCTS GROW AND BRANCH; BREAST ENLARGE TWICE IT’S NORMAL WEIGHT; INCREASE IN MAMMARY BLOOD FLOW; VASCULAR ENGORGEMENT AND AREOLAR PIGMENTATION
PREGNANCY
LOBULES BEGIN TO RECEDE; LEAVING MOSTLY DUCTS, ADIPOSE TISSUE AND FIBROUS TISSUE
MENOPAUSE
During the 6th week of gestation, a pair of longitudinal thickening of the epidermis develop on the ventral surface of the embryo, extending from the axilla to the medial thigh called ____
MAMMARY RIDGES
MAMMARY RIDGES AKA
- MAMMARY LINES
2. MILK LINES
____ form along the milk lines, which extend from the axillae to the inguinal region
PLACODES
the small raised area in the center of the breast through which milk can flow to the out
NIPPLE
colored area around each nipple
AREOLA
average areola is ___ in diameter
4 cm
sebaceous (oil) glands that appear as small bumps around the dark area of the nipple
MONTGOMERY’S TUBERCLE
provide lubrication for the nipple and areola
MORGAGNI GLANDS
these glands secrete an oily fluid that lubricates the nipple and also secrete volatile compounds that are thought to serve as an olfactory, the stimulus for the newborn
SEBACEOUS
- protects the nipple from irritation
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
secrete fat droplets into breast milk
SUDORIFEROUS
- tail of breast tissue called the “axillary tail of Spence” extend laterally into the axilla
AXILLARY TAIL
the natural lower boundary of the breast, the place where the breast and the chest meet at the level of the 6th or 7th rib
INFRAMAMMARY FOLDS
breast tissue is encircled by a thin layer of connective tissue called
FASCIA
located between the membranous layer of superficial fascia and the deep fascia covering the muscles of the thorax
RETROMAMMARY SPACE
BREAST PARENCHYMAL COMPONENT
- FIBROFATTY
- FIBROGLANDULAR
- ADIPOSE TISSUE
holds the breast tissue in place
FIBROUS TISSUE
is the part of the breast that makes milk, called the lobes, and
the tubes that carry milk to the nipple, called ducts
GLANDULAR TISSUE
FIBROUS + GLANDULAR TISSUE
FIBROGLANDULAR TISSUE
includes the breast lobes and breast ducts
GLANDULAR TISSUE
fills in the spaces between glandular and fibrous tissue and largely
determines the breast siz
FATTY TISSUE
15 to 30yrs (& childless women >30yo)
FIBROGLANDULAR BREAST
Pregnant or lactating women
FIBROGLANDULAR BREAST
Radiographically dense, Very little fat
FIBROGLANDULAR BREAST
30 to 50yrs
FIBROFATTY BREAST
Average radiographic density
50% fat & 50% fibroglandular
FIBROFATTY BREAST
> 50yrs
FATTY BREAST
Postmenopausal
FATTY BREAST
Minimal radiographic
density
FATTY BREAST
Breast of children & men
FATTY BREAST
MOST SENSITIVE TO CA BY RADIATION
GLANDULAR
is the part of a tissue or organ with a structural or connective role
STROMA
surrounds large ducts and terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs)
INTERLOBULAR STROMA
denser, more collagenous than intralobular connective tissue
INTERLOBULAR STROMA
- becomes more fatty after puberty; increase in volume of this compartment is responsible for majority of breast volume
INTERLOBULAR STROMA
- increased density of this compartment may make mammographic detection of breast lesions more difficult
INTERLOBULAR STROMA
- surrounds acini within terminal duct lobular units
INTRALOBULAR STROMA
stroma is loose and contains fibroblasts, scattered lymphocytes, and plasma cells, macrophages, and vessels
INTRALOBULAR STROMA
may appear myxoid; hormonally responsive
INTRALOBULAR STROMA
no elastic fibers
INTRALOBULAR STROMA
bands of tough, fibrous, flexible connective tissue that shape and support the breasts
COOPER’S LIGAMENT
lined by an inner layer of cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells and
the outer layer of myoepithelial cells
TERMINAL DUCTAL LOBULAR UNIT
attaches the lobule to the ductal system
EXTRALOBULAR TERMINAL DUCT
continues the duct system into the lobule
INTRALOBULAR TERMINAL DUCT
milk producing cells
LUMINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS
form the glandular unit of the breast
LUMINAL AND MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS
form the structural component of the surrounding breast tissue
FIBROBLASTS
produce proteins important for maintaining breast structure
FIBROBLASTS
- imaging of microcalcifications requires
SMALL FOCAL SPOT
FOCAL SPOT SIZE FOR ___
SPATIAL RESOLUTION
LARGE FS
0.3 mm
SMALL FS
0.1 mm
positioned at the chest wall
CATHODE SIDE
INHERENT FILTRATION
0.1 mm
W target: ___ filter
MOLYBDENUM OR RHODIUM
purpose of each filter is to reduce the higher-energy bremsstrahlung
x-rays
Mo or Rh FILTER
W TARGET = Mo, Rh filter
50 um
for thick and dense breast
W TARGET = Mo, Rh filter
Mo target = Mo filter
30 um
most common target and filter combi
Mo target = Mo filter
Mo target = Rh filter
30 um
Rh target = Rh filter
25 um
IMMOBILIZATION OF BREAST
REDUCED MOTION BLUR
UNIFORM THICKNESS
UNIFORM X-RAY EXPOSURE OF THE IR
REDUCED SCATTER RADIATION
IMPROVED CONTRAST RESOLUTION
SHORTER OID
IMPROVED SR
THINNER TISSUE
REDUCED PX DOSED
flat Lexan paddle attached to a pneumatic or mechanical assembly
COMPRESSION PADDLE
EFFECT OF BREAST COMPRESSION
- DECREASED TISSUE THICKNESS
2. BREAST STRUCTURES CLOSER TO FILM
- positions after the IR to minimize the OID & improve spatial resolution
AEC
SKIN DOSE
800 - 900 mrad
MGD of the breast
130 - 150 mrad
