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705 > Intro & Upper Cervical > Flashcards

Intro & Upper Cervical Flashcards

1
Q

At the birth the spine is ______?

A

completely convex

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2
Q

What are the primary curves?

A

Thoracic and sacral kyphosis

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3
Q

What are the secondary curves?

A

Cervical and lumbar lordosis

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4
Q

What is the ideal posture?

A

Plum line (from: ear, cervical vertebra bodies, shoulder, lumbar vertebral bodies, posterior to hip axis, anterior to knee axis, anterior to lateral malleolus

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5
Q

What is the function/ importance of the articular disc?

A

Shock absorption & prevents bone on bone rubbing

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6
Q

Early phase of mouth opening includes

A

35-50% of ROM
condyle rolls posterior
body of mandible moves post & inferior

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7
Q

During early phase there is roll _____ and rotation ______.

A

roll posteriorly

rotate posteriorly

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8
Q

Late phase opening of the mouth includes

A 
(gliding joint)
final 50% ROM
move from rotation to translation
condyle & disc move together
maximal anterior stretch of the disc
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9
Q

During late phase there is ______ slide and _______ translation

A

anterior slide

anterior translation

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10
Q

Which vertebrae are the smallest and most mobile?

A

cervical vertebrae

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11
Q

Where is the transverse foramina located?

A

In the transverse process

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12
Q

Which of the cervical vertebrae are irregular?

A

C1, C2, & C7

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13
Q

The primary function of the atlas is _____?

A

stability of head and allow for 5-15 degrees flexion/extension in the frontal plane.

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14
Q

The axis has: _______, ________, _______ and _________

A

body, pedicle, lamina and spinous process

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15
Q

What are the two large masses of the atlas joined by?

A

Joined by the anterior & posterior arches

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16
Q

The superior articular facet of the atlas is concave or convex? What does it articulate with?

A

concave

articulates with convex occiput

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17
Q

The inferior articular facet of the atlas is: slightly_______, faces________ and is sloped ____________.

A

flat/ slightly concave, faces inferiorly and is sloped downward ~20*

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18
Q

The inferior auricular facet of the atlas articulates with what?

A

Articulates with the superior facet C2

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19
Q

Which cervical vertebrae has the largest TP?

A

atlas

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20
Q

What is the key attachment point for several small muscles to control fine movements?

A

TP of the atlas

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21
Q

The superior articular facet of the axis is?

A

slightly convex

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22
Q

What plane is the superior articular facet of the axis located in?

A

Oriented 20* from horizontal

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23
Q

Describe the arthrokinematic rule of the AO joint?

A

convex on concave

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24
Q

What is the primary movement of the AO joint?

A

flexion/extension (nodding)

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25
Q

True/False: The atlas always moves with the head.

A

True

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26
Q

What is the range of motion of the AO joint?

A 
Flexion: 5* +/-
Extension: 10* +/-
(total 15* +/-)
Axial rotation: negligible - 5*
Lateral flexion: 5* +/-
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27
Q

For the AA joint the inferior atlantal facet is slightly ________ and the superior axial facet is slightly ______.

A

concave

convex

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28
Q

The primary motion of the AA joint is

A

rotation

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29
Q

Which plane is the AA oriented most closely to?

A

Horizontal plane

30
Q

What makes up the median joint of the AA joint?

A

anterior arch of the atlas and the dens of the axis

31
Q

What function does the dens provide?

A

The dens is the vertical axis for rotation

32
Q

What is the range of motion at the AA joint?

A 
Flexion: 5* +/-
Extension: 10* +/-
(total ROM: 15 +/-)
Axial rotation: 35* - 40*
Lateral flexion: Negligible - 5*
33
Q

During cervical flexion, at the AO joint you get what 3 arthokinematic movements?

A

1) convex on concave
2) occipital condyles roll forward
3) simultaneous slide in opposite direction

34
Q

During cervical flexion, at the AA joint you get what 2 arthokinematic movements?

A

1) flat to slightly concave

2) atlas tilts forward

35
Q

During cervical extension, at the AO joint you get what 2 arthokinematic movements?

A

1) roll back

2) slide forward

36
Q

During cervical extension, at the AA joint you get what arthokinematic movement?

A

atlas tilts backwards

37
Q

During cervical rotation, at the AO joint you get what arthokinematic movement?

A 
restricted motion
( the lateral facets don't allow a lot of motion)
38
Q

During cervical rotation, at the AA joint you get what arthokinematic movement?

A

rotation

ideal for rotation

39
Q

During cervical lateral rotation, at the AO joint you get what 3 arthokinematic movements?

A

1) small amount of rolling
2) convex on concave
3) slide in opposite direction of roll

40
Q

During cervical lateral rotation, at the AA joint you get what 2 arthokinematic movements?

A

1) spinal coupling

2) frontal and horizontal planes

41
Q

What is spinal coupling

A

one motion around one plane is associated with another motion around a different plane

42
Q

In what region is spinal coupling accepted (not extremely controversial)?

A

craniocervical region

43
Q

Spinal coupling occurs between _______ and ________.

A

lateral flexion and rotation

44
Q

Does spinal coupling differ from upper C/spine versus mid C/spine?

A

Yes

45
Q

At the AO joint spinal coupling involves:

A

lateral flexion is coupled with contralateral rotation.

46
Q

At the AA joint spinal coupling involves:

A

rotation is coupled with contralateral lateral flexion

47
Q

What is the origin of the longus capitis?

A

anterior tubercles of transvers processes of C3-C6

48
Q

What is the insertion of the longus capitis?

A

inferior surfaces of occiput

49
Q

What is the action of the longus capitis?

A

unilaterally: flex/ext and lat rot. ipsilaterally
bilaterally: nodding

50
Q

What is the innervation of the longus capitis?

A

ventral rami C1-C4

51
Q

What is the origin of the longus colli?

A

superior oblique portion: anterior tubercles of transverse process of C3-C5
Inferior oblique portion: anterior surface of bodies of C1-C3
Vertical portion: anterior surface of C5-T3

52
Q

What is the insertion of the longus colli?

A

tubercle on C1, anterior tubercles of transverse processess of C5-C6, anterior surface of C2-C4

53
Q

What is the action of the longus colli?

A

nodding and support of cervical lordorsis

54
Q

What is the innervation of the longus colli?

A

ventral rami C1-8

55
Q

What does the longus capitis and longus colli form?

A

“dynamic” anterior longitudinal ligament

56
Q

What does the longus capitis and longus colli provide?

A

vertical stability

57
Q

What is the purpose of the suboccipital muscles?

A

Fine control over the AO and AA joints

- position eyes, ears and nose

58
Q

Why are the suboccipital muscles difficult to palpate?

A

They lie deep to the upper trapezius, splenius group and semispinalis capitis muscles.

59
Q

The alar ligament is described as ____?

A

fibrous

60
Q

The attachments of the alar ligament include:

A

lateral side of the apex of the dens

medial side of the occipital condyle

61
Q

What is the function of the alar ligament?

A

limits contralateral head rotation and contralateral lateral flexion

62
Q

Describe the location and function of the transverse ligament:

A

Atlas to axis

holds DENS in place on posterior side of the Dens

63
Q

What does the cruciform ligament contain?

A

transverse ligament and superior and inferior bands of the transverse ligament

64
Q

What results from anterior sub-laxation of the spinal cord?

A

impingement

typically of transverse ligament

65
Q

The tectorial membrane is a continuation of what?

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

66
Q

Where does the tectorial membrane ascend to?

A

C2 body ascends to the occipital bone

67
Q

What is the function of the tectorial membrane?

A

Limits flexion of upper cervical spine and provides multidirectional stability

68
Q

When is the tectorial membrane injured?

A

during forced flexion injuries

69
Q

What two ligaments does the tectorial membrane cover?

A

the cruciate and alar ligaments

70
Q

What happens when injury occurs from a MVA?

A

Whiplash occurs with hyperextension exceeding cervical flexion resulting in the anterior structures of the cervical region more prone to injury.

71
Q

Whiplash injury occurs when?

A

acceleration- deceleration mechanism to the neck

72
Q

Are the symptoms after a whiplash injury localized to the head and neck?

A

No
and prognosis varies
Use outcome tools to measure

705 (7 decks)

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