Intro Unit Vocab Flashcards
Nature versus Nurture debate
Biology- Bio Parents
Environment- People, Education
Psychiatrist
A medical practitioner specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness
Perspectives of Psychology
Biologic, Behavioral, Cognitive, Humanistic, Psycho-dynamic, sociocultural, Evolutionary
Psychodynamic (perspective)
(Controversial) unconscious mind and fears {early childhood}
Behavioroal (perspective)
Conditioning and reinforcement or Punishment
Cognitive (perspective)
Thought process
Humanistic (perspective)
Glass half full. We make our own choices. Self-actualization and esteem
Biological (perspective)
Genetics and anatomy
Sociocultural (perspective)
Cultural norms and environment
Evolutionary (perspective)
Survival - interpreting threats
Ecletic (perspective)
Customized treatment to each person’s needs
Biopsychosocial (perspective)
Incorporating multiple views to create a modern view
Experimental Design
Experimental vs Non-Experimental
Correlation
Strength of a relationship (NOT cause and Effect)
Case Study
Clinical, in-depth in 1 person or small group
Meta-analysis
Compile already done research
Naturalistic Observation
No intervention, only observation
Hypothesis
A falsifiable, educated guess
Falsifiable
Can be proven wrong
Operational Definitions
What/How, Define the dependent variable
Independent Variable
Manipulated
Dependent Variable
Measured (alters depending on the independent variable)
Confounding variable
Accidentally manipulated data, interference
Population
A group that shares a common characteristic
Sample
Group of tested individuals representing an entire population
Randing Sampling
One group gets divided (reduces confounding variable)
Convenience sampling
Not representing an entire population (chosen because of availability and not generalizability)
Sampling bias
Using a non-diverse or bias sample
Generalizability
The extent to which findings can be applied
Experimental groups
Recieve treatment
Control groups
No treatment
Random Assignment
One group gets divided (Reduces confounding variable)
Placebo
What does a control group receives Ex. Sugar pill
Placebo effect
The control group thinks they are experiencing changes (psychological)
Confederates
A person who pretends to be a participant but isn’t
Single-blind study
Subjects do not know which group they’re in but the researchers do
Double-blind study
Subjects and researchers do not know what the experiment is/ which group is the control and which isn’t
Experimenter bias
The experimenter’s theory persuades them to only look at results that support their hypothesis
Social Desirability bias
People don’t want to look bad so they answer with something socially desirable or accepted
Qualitative research
Personal accounts, interviews, surveys, documents
Structured interviews
predetermined questions to asses behavior
Survey methods
Asking people questions to collect data
Quantitative measures
Numerical or measured data
Likert scale
1-5
Peer review of scientific research
Multiple researchers look over the findings
Replication of Scientific research
Research can be replicated and still find the same result
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Provide guidelines for Psych experiments
Informed Consent
Participants know they are in an experiment and consent
Confidentiality
No one can reveal the true identity of applicants
Debriefing
Participants must be informed about the study after it is over, especially when deception is involved
Frequency Distribution
How often do different scores appear
Pie Chart
Represent a portion of the data
Histogram
Distribution of variables
Polygon
Frequency of different values
Measures of central tendency
Quantitative data (averages)
Mean
Arithmetic average (watch for outliers)
Median
Middle data
Mode
most common data
Range
range of data
Normal Bell curve
Distribution of results
Skewed Distribution
Not centered (Positive or Negative)
Hypothesis
A falsifiable, educated guess
Falsifiable
Can be proven wrong
Operational definitions
What/How, define the dependent variable
Independent variable
Manipulated
Dependent variable
measured (changes with the independent variable)
Confounding variable
Accidentally manipulated data
Population
A group that shares a common characteristic
Sample
Group of tested individuals representing an entire population
Randing Sampling
One group gets divided (reduces confounding variable)
Convenience Sampling
Sampling done on people based on availability not generalizability
Sampling bias
Using a non-diverse or bias sample
Generalizability
The extent to which findings can be applied
Experimental groups
Receives treatment
Control groups
No treatment
Random Assignment
one group gets divided (reduces confounding variable)
Placebo
Given to control group Ex. Sugar pill
Placebo Effect
Control group thinks they are receiving treatment so their results change (psychological)
Confederates
A person who pretends to be a participant but isn’t
Single-blind study
Subjects do not know which group they’re in
Double-blind study
Both subjects and researchers do not know what the study is about/ which group is which
Experimenter bias
Their theory persuades them to only look at certain results or experiments
Social Desirability bias
People answer questions based on what is socially acceptable instead of what is factual (can be lessened by confidentiality)
Qualitative research
Personal accounts, interviews, surveys, documents
Structured research
predetermined questions to asses behavior
Quantitative measures
Numerical or measured data
Likert scale
1-5
Peer review of scientific research
Multiple researchers look over the findings
Replication of scientific research
Research must be falsifiable and replicated
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Provides guidelines for psych experiments
Informed consent
Participants know they are in an experiment and consent
Debriefing
Researchers communicate with experiment participants after the experiment has concluded, especially important if deception was involved
Frequency distribution
how often different scores appear
Measures of central tendency
quantitative data
Mean
Arithmetic average (watch for outliers)
MEdian
Middle data
Mode
Most common data
Range
Range of data
Normal bell curve
An average mean and median are all the same number with the same amount and consistency out outliers on each side
Skewed distribution
Not centered (either positive or negative)
Negative Distribution
Left of normal bell
Positive Distribution
Right of normal bell
Standard deviation
The between values (z)
Percentile Rank
How common a score is in distribution
Regression toward the mean
Enough data will eventually even out to the mean and create a normal bell curve
Scatterplot
Graph that shows correlation
Correlation Coefficient
Strength of two variables linear relationship
Statistical significance
Generalized, can be applied to the population
