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Voice Disorders > Intro to Voice Disorders > Flashcards

Intro to Voice Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Fictitious Stage or Folklore Stage

A

The earliest stage. When voice production was thought to be magical, religious, or supernatural with the physician to be some type of religious priest, god, etc. with disorders of the throat and voice being treated using folk remedies or even excommunication (religious ceremonies)

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2
Q

Metaphysical Stage

A

Knowledge was based partly on observation but mainly on speculation. Doctors at this time were philosophers.

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3
Q

Traditional Stage

A

Coincided with the dark ages and the study of the throat and voice was stagnated. If anything, it regressed.

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4
Q

The Realistic Stage

A

Our knowledge and study of the throat was based on observation and experimentation. It’s when study of the voice and throat became a science.

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5
Q

“The Rehabilition of Speech” Book

A

Published in 1937 and written by West, Kennedy, and Carr. Contribution was “if the voice is disordered, there is always a reason and if properly studied, that reason can be determined”

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6
Q

“Speech Correction: Principles and Methods” Book

A

Written in 1939 by Van Riper. He talked about the diagnosis of voice disorders and he advocated perceptually diagnosing voice disorders as disorders of pitch, loudness, and/or quality.

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7
Q

5 Criteria for Typical Voice

A
  1. Should be loud enough to be heard
  2. should be produced in a manner that does not cause vocal trauma or laryngeal pathologies or lesions
  3. should be pleasant to listen to and have a pleasing quality
  4. Should be flexible enough to express a variety of emotions
  5. should represent the speaker well in terms of age, gender, and culture
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8
Q

Disorders of Phonation

A

result primarily from the action of the vocal folds causing a vocal quality that is unsuitable

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9
Q

Dysphonia

A

general term for disorders of phonation

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10
Q

Disorders of Resonance

A

Result from a dysfunction in the cuppling and uncuppling of the oral cavity, nasal cavity, and/or pharynx that affects the quality of the voice

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11
Q

Prevalence of Voice Disorders In the US

A

3-9% of the population, tending towards the higher side.

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12
Q

Gender that has a higher prevalence in children

A

Boys (about 2 to 1)

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13
Q

Gender that has a higher prevalence in Adults

A

Females

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14
Q

Phonatory system

A

is compromised of cartilages of larynx, ligaments that hold it together and attach it to other parts, and the muscles which move the larynx and its parts, and the hyoid bone.

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15
Q

Primary Function of Larynx

A

Maintence and preservation of life

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16
Q

Overlaid Function of Larynx

A

The primary function is biological. It’s anatomy and physiology make it suited for voice production

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17
Q

Adaptive Function of Larynx

A

Primary function is biological. Over time, its anatomy and physiology has been modified so its suited for voice production.

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18
Q

Cricoid Cartilage

A

unpaired, the most inferior of the laryngeal cartilages, makes up the base of the larynx

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19
Q

Cricoid Cartilage Landmarks

A

cricoid arch, posterior lamina, lateral articular facets, superior articular facets,

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20
Q

Thyroid Cartilage

A

Unpaired. protects the opening to the respiratory system.

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21
Q

Thyroid Cartilage Landmarks

A

thyroid lamina, thyroid angle, thyroid notch, laryngeal prominence, oblique line, inferior horns of thyroid, superior horns of thyroid

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22
Q

Cricothyroid Joint

A

Made from the lateral articular facets of the cricoid and the inferior horns of the thryroid. Cricoid remains stationary. It rocks downward and glides forward, which increases length and tension while decreasing mass. Results in higher pitched voice.

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23
Q

arytenoid Cartilage

A

paired. sits atop of posterior quadrate lamina of thyroid.

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24
Q

Landmarks of Arytenoid Cartilage

A

vocal processes (anterior processes) and muscular processes (lateral), apex of arytenoid

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25
Q

cricoarytenoid joint

A

made up of arytenoids and superior articular facets of cricoid. Can rock down and in, which adducts the vocal folds. Also moves out and back which abducts the vocal folds. When closed, it glides forward to reinforce closure. When open, it glides outward to open them more.

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26
Q

triticial cartilages

A

in between superior horns of thryroid and hyoid bone. Just a spacebar, no function (paired)

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27
Q

Epiglottis

A

unpaired. extends from inner surface of thyroid notch, up through hyoid bone, to base of the tongue. No function in voice production but does in swallowing

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28
Q

Cuneiform Cartilages

A

paired. sits anterior and superior to the arytenoid cartilages. Embedded in the aryepiglottic folds. Vestigial structures (no function)

29
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

Serves as junction between larynx and base of tongue. Movement results in movement of larynx.

30
Q

Hyoid Bone landmarks

A

greater horns, lesser horns, and corpus

31
Q

Extrinsic Muscles Functions

A

Have one point of attachment on a phonatory system and one on a nonphonatory structure.
Functions:
1) raises and lowers the larynx to facilitate the production of different pitches
2) hold the larynx in place in the neck (also called strap muscles)

32
Q

Intrinsic Muscles and Functions

A

both points of attachment on a phonatory mechanism.
Functions:
1) responsible for making the finer adjustments that we associate with voice production, like opening/closing the vocal folds and tensing/relaxing the vocal folds

33
Q

Extrinsic Muscles Groups

A

Anatomically: suprahyoid (all are laryngeal elevators) and infrahyoid (all are laryngeal depressors except one)

34
Q

Digastric Muscle

A

Paired, suprahyoid extrinsic musle composed of two parts:
1) posterior belly
2) anterior belly

35
Q

Posterior Belly of Digastric Muscle

A

Origin: mastoid process of temproal bone
Insertion: hyoid bone
Function: elevate the hyoid and pull it backwards, the larynx follows

36
Q

Anterior Belly of Digastric Muscle

A

Origin: inner surface of the midline of the mandible
Insertion: hyoid bone
Function: elevates the hyoid and pulls it forward, same to larynx

37
Q

Mylohyoid Muscle

A

extrinsic suprahyoid muscle
unpaired
forms floor of mouth
Origin: large area along the inside of almost the entire mandible
Insertion: corpus of hyoid
Function: elevates hyoid and pulls forward, same to larynx

38
Q

Geniohyoid Muscle

A

paired suprahyoid extrinsic muscle
Origin: inner surface of mandible at midline
Insertion: corpus of hyoid
Function: elevates the hyoid and pulls it forward, same to larynx

39
Q

Stylohyoid Muscle

A

paired suprahyoid extrinsic muscle
Origin: styloid process of temporal bone
Insertion: hyoid bone
Function: elevates hyoid and pulls it backwards, same to larynx

40
Q

Thyrohyoid Muscle

A

infrahyoid extrinsic muscle
Origin: oblique line of thyroid muscle
Insertion: greater horn of hyoid
Function: draws the hyoid and the thyroid closer together. If hyoid is fixed, pulls thyroid up. If thyroid is fixed, pulls hyoid down

41
Q

Sternothyroid Muscle

A

Infrahyoid Extrinsic
Origin= manubrium of sternum and 1st costal cartilages
Insertion: oblique line of thyroid cartilage
Function: pulls larynx down directly
(only one that moves it directly)

42
Q

Inferior Belly of Omohyoid Muscle

A

Infrahyoid extrinsic
Origin= upper scapula
Insertion= intermediate tendon
Function= when it contracts, it pulls hyoid down, which lowers the larynx

43
Q

Superior Belly of Omohyoid Muscle

A

Infrahyoid extrinsic
Origin= intermediate tendon
Insertion= hyoid bone
Function= when contracts, it pulls down hyoid bone, which pulls larynx down

44
Q

Sternohyoid Muscle

A

Infrahyoid extrinsic
Origin= manubrium of sternum
Insertion = corpus of hyoid
Function = pulls hyoid down, which lowers larynx

45
Q

Thyroarytenoid Muscle

A

Intrinsic muscle
Origin = inner surface of thyroid cartilage near the angle
Insertion = along entire base of arytenoid cartilage
Function = when it contracts, the thyroid and arytenoid come closer, which shortens vfs (increases mass) and creates lower pitches

46
Q

Cricothyroid muscle

A

has two parts: Pars Recta and Pars Oblique
intrinsic muscle

47
Q

Pars Recta

A

intrinsic
Origin = inner surface of cricoid arch
Insertion = underside of thyroid lamina
Function = moves cricothyroid joint, rocks it down and forward

48
Q

Pars Oblique

A

intrinsic
Origin = cricoid cartilage lateral to pars recta
Insertion = junction between thyroid lamina and inferior horn
Function = glider of cricothyroid joint

49
Q

Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle

A

Instrinsic Muscle
Origin = superior lateral surface of criocoid cartilage
Insertion = muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
Function = pulls toward point of origin, pulls arytenoid cartilage (responsible for down and in, adduction)

50
Q

Posterior Cricoarytenoid muscle

A

Intrinsic
Origin = posterior cricoid lamina
Insertion = arytenoid cartilage
Function = abducts vocal folds

51
Q

Transverse Arytenoid Muscle

A

intrinsic (only unpaired)
Goes from posterior lateral aspects of on arytenoid to posterior later aspects of other arytenoid
Function = when contracts, brings arytenoids closer together, which draws vocal folds together.
PRIMARILY RESPONSIBLE FOR GENERATING MEDIAL COMPRESSION OF VOCAL FOLDS

52
Q

Medial Compression

A

the force that one surface exerts on another surface

53
Q

Oblique Arytenoid Muscle

A

extend from muscular process of one arytenoid and cross diagonally to embed in the ariepiglottic folds
Function: when they contract, they draw the apex of arytenoids together, which reinforces medial compression

54
Q

Innervation of Intrinsic Muscles

A

all innvervated by the vagus nerve
-vagus nerve has branches

55
Q

Pharyngeal Nerve Branch

A

intrinsic
innervates muscles of pharynx and muscles of velum
-helps us shape vocal tract for resonance

56
Q

Superior Laryngeal Nerve Branch

A

intrinsic
has two branches
internal branch: sensory and it innervates the inner mucousal lining of the vocal folds
External: innervates cricothyroid muscle

57
Q

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

A

intrinsic
aka the wanderer
leaves base of skull, goes down side of neck, into chest, loops around the aorta, and then comes back to larynx
innervates all intrinsic muscles that are not the cricothyroid muscle

58
Q

Trigeminal (CN 5)

A

extrinsic
supplies mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric

59
Q

Facial Nerve (CN 7)

A

extrinsic
innervates stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric

60
Q

Extrinsic Ligaments/Membranes

A

primarily used to bind or hold cartilages structure of larynx together or attach larynx to other structures

61
Q

Cricotracheal Membrane

A

extrinsic
will attach cricoid to trachea

62
Q

Lateral Thyrohyoid Ligament

A

Extrinsic
attaches superior horn of thyroid cartilage to lateral tip of hyoid bone
It’s where the triticeal membrane is

63
Q

Middle Thyrohyoid Ligament

A

extrinsic
attaches the anterior aspects of thyroid cartilage to the corpus of the hyoid bone

64
Q

Thyrohyoid Membrane

A

attach thyroid lamina to greater horn of hyoid

65
Q

Intrinsic Membranes

A

2 functions:
1) helps bind parts of larynx together
2) makes the inside of larynx more aerodynamic

66
Q

Thyroelastic Membrane

A

made up of three segments
1) arieppiglottic folds
2) quadrangular membrane
3) conus elaticus

67
Q

Aryepiglottic Folds

A

intrinsic
superior most segment
extend from the apex of each arytenoid op tip of corniculate anteriorly and attach to sides of epiglottis

68
Q

Quadrangular Membrane

A

intrinsic
extend from sides of each arytenoid anteriorly to the sides of epiglottis
forms ventricular folds of larynx (false vocal folds)

69
Q

Conus Elasticus

A

intrinsic
covers the vocal folds and the upper portion of trachea

Voice Disorders (2 decks)

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