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Kinesiology > Intro To VC > Flashcards

Intro To VC Flashcards

1
Q

What is the overall function of the vertebral column?

A

Required to meet the demands of mobility and stability of the trunk & extremities and protect the SC

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2
Q

How many vertebrae do we have and how many in each group

A

33 total

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4coccygeal
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3
Q

How many intervertebral discs do we have?

A

23

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4
Q

What grouping of vertebrae are are considered primary (kyphotic) and which are secondary (lordotic)? And what are the advantages to these curves?

A

Primary - Thoracic and Sacral

Secondary - Cervical and Lumbar

Advantage - increased stability to resist compressive load

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5
Q

What allows for the spine to be considered a “functional unit”

A

Any 2 adjacent vertebrae (facet joints)
IV discs
Soft Tissue

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6
Q

Describe the anatomy of the “typical vertebra”

A

Anteriorly: vertebral body
Posteriorly: Vertebral or Neural arch

Posteriorly divides into pedicles and posterior elements (laminate, articulate processes, spinous process, and transverse process)

Composition:
Shell - compact bone
Interior - cancellous bone

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7
Q

What is the function of the vertebral body?

A

Weight bearing structure

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8
Q

What is the functional of the pedicles in the neural arch?

A

Transmit tension and bending forces from posterior elements to vertebral body

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9
Q

Describe the Laminae

A

Pars interarticularis - portion of laminae between superior and inferior articular processes

Subjected to bending forces

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10
Q

Describe the articular processes

A

2 superior facets and 2 inferior facets that make up zygapophyseal joint

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11
Q

What are all the posterior elements of the vertebral

A

Laminae
Articular processes
Spinous process
Transverse processes

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12
Q

Explain the clinical significance in regards to stress fractures at the pars interarticularis

A

Results in forward slipping of the vertebral which is known as spondylolisthesis

-most commonly occurs is L5/S1

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13
Q

General function of vertebral anatomy parts

A
  • Body: resist compressive loads
  • Pedicle: transmit the bending forces form the posterior elements to the vert. Body
  • Laminae: transmit forces from the articular, transverse and spinous processes to the pedicabs
  • transverse processes: serve as muscle attachment and provide mechanical level
  • spinous process: serve as muscle attachment and provide mechanical level, also may serve as a bony block in motion
  • vertebral foramen: combined with all segments, forms a passage and protection for the SC
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14
Q

IV Disc general structure

A

Consist of:
Nu. Pulposus
-70-90% water

Annulus fibrosis

  • fibrous outer ring
  • 60-70%
  • collagen and elastin arranged in 15 to 25 concentric layers

Vertebral end plate

  • cartilaginous layer covering sup. And inf. Surfaces if the disc
  • strongly attached to annulus fibrosis but not the vert. Body
  • high fx risk
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15
Q

IV Disc function

A

Separate 2 vert. Bodies — > increase the available motion

 - available motion a reflection of ratio of disc ht to vert. Body ht
 - larger ratio = greater movement

Transmit load from 1 vert. Body to the next

Stabilization of the spine

Provide space between vertebra for exiting spinal nerves

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16
Q

What is the order (greatest to least) of ratios for available motion

A

Cervical, lumbar, thoracic

17
Q

what % of force is transmitted through IV disc and what allows for this?

A

80%

Fluid property of the disc allows for uniform distribution of the force

18
Q

What can the annulus fibrosis resist?

A

Distraction, shearing and torsion

19
Q

When is disc pressure large in regards to load placement? What are ways to lessen and increase the pressure on disc

A

Disc pressure is large when holding load in front of the body, especially in forward bending

  • lift load with knees flexed places less pressure compared to knees straight
  • slouching produces greater disc pressure than sitting erect
20
Q

What are interbody joints?

A

Joints between the vertebral bodies
-symphysis type cartilaginous jts

available motion:

  • sliding (AP, ML & torsional)
  • Distraction & Compression
  • rotation/tilt (AP & Lateral Direction)

Total of 6 d.o.f

21
Q

Facet Jts articulations

A

Articulation of superior articulation facets with inferior articulating facets of vertebra
-determine direction of vertebra

22
Q

Facet Jt highest strength and what/where does it restrict movement

A

Highest in thoracolumbar and cervicothoracic junction

-limits motion and adds to stability
-primary restraint to cervical rotation and side bending
-primary restraint to lumbar rotation
-vulnerable to hyper Flexion
9cause capsule to rupture)

23
Q

What are the kinematic motions of the vertebral column?

A

Flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation

24
Q

What is unique when it comes to kinematic motions? What is the prime example?

A

These motions are often coupled

Example: lateral flexion and rotation

25
Q

What is coupling?

A

Consistent association of one motion about an axis with another motion around a different axis

26
Q

What does the IV disc do in regards to kinematic

A
  • Increases movement between 2 adjacent vertebra
  • allows for vertebra to rock/tilt on each other secondary to deformable disc between them
  • adds significant ROM
  • the annulus fibrosis acts to restrain motion
27
Q

What do interbody joints do in regards to kinematic

A

Determine magnitude of movement

Distribute load

Create space for movement and passage of the spinal nerve roots

28
Q

What do facet joints do in regards to kinematic

A

Determine direction of movement

Influenced by bony geometry, height and spatial orientation

29
Q

What is osteokinematics

A

Description of movement based on direction of superior segment’s anterior portion

Flexion/extension
Lateral flexion/side bending
Rotation

30
Q

What are the kinematic motions of flexion

A

Anterior tilt and anterior glide of the superior vertebra

  • results in widening of the intervertebral foramen and separation of spinous processes
  • results in anterior compression of the annulus fibrosis and posterior stretching of the annulus fibrosis
31
Q

What are the kinematic motions of extension?

A

Posterior tilt and posterior glide of the superior vertebra

  • results in narrowing the intervertebral foramen and spinous processes
  • results in posterior compression and anterior stretching of the annulus fibrosis
32
Q

What are the kinematic motions of lateral flexion

A

Lateral tilt, rotation and translation of the superior vertebra over the vertebra below

  • results in widening of the intervertebral foramen on the side contralateral to the lateral flexion and narrowing on the i psi lateral side
  • results in compression of the annulus fibrosis on the ipsilateral side of movement and stretching on the contralateral side of movement
  • direction of rotation differs slightly in different regions because of the orientation of the facets
33
Q

What are the kinematic of rotation

A

Varies widely by region
Rotation of interbody joint
Approximation/distraction at the facet joints

34
Q

What are the forces that VC are subject to

A 
Axial compression
Tension
Bending
Torsion
Shear

These all happen also at rest

35
Q

Functions of spinal musculature

A
  • Control posture
  • Stabilize axial skeleton
  • Protect spinal score and internal organs
  • Generate intro-thoracic & intro abdominal pressure
  • produce torque for movement of the body
  • mobility of head and neck for optimal place of eyes, ears & nose

Kinesiology (3 decks)

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