Intro to vaccines and infectious diseases

Question 1

What 5 broad immune responses do we get in infection or vaccination?

Answer 1

1) Inflammation and phagocytosis (2) Complement activation (cell lysis) 3) Lysis of infected cells (CD8) 4) CD4 cytokines for pathogen control 5) Antibody production.

Question 2

2 examples of killed vaccines for bacteria and a virus

Answer 2

diptheria toxoid vaccine, and polio salk vaccine.

Question 3

2 Live attenuated vaccines (bacteria and virus)

Answer 3

BCG, and polio sabin vaccine.

Question 4

2 component vaccines (purified immunogen) (virus and bacteria)

Answer 4

acellular pertussis vaccine, and influenza vaccine.

Question 5

modified component vaccines (conjugate) (for encapsulated bacteria.

Answer 5

Protein po9lysaccharide conjugated to Hib- menigococcal disease.

Question 6

viral vectored vaccine.

Answer 6

EBOL and COVID-19.

Question 7

Nucleic acid vaccines

Answer 7

COVID-19

Question 8

What disease does variola virus cause?

Answer 8

Smallpox

Question 9

What 4 things helped make smallpox eradication possible?

Answer 9

1) No animal reservoire. 2) Only a single antigenic type. 3) Long-term immunity after recovery from infection. 4) Vaccia virus in vaccine closely related to variola virus, immunity protects against variola virus.

Question 10

What diseases does DTP vaccine protect against?

Answer 10

Diptheria and tetanus toxoids, and from Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough).

Question 11

What vaccine platform did and does the DTP vaccine use?

Answer 11

Component vaccine with aluminium hydroxide adjuvant. For Diptheria and tetanus, uses the toxoids.
Used to be whole cell killed pertussis, now pertussis toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactina and type 2 fimbrae.

Question 12

Does Diphteria bacterium always cause disease? What effect has vaccine given?

Answer 12

No, only causes disases is diphteriae strain are infected with a phage encoding the diphtheria toxoid.
Vaccine gives direct protection against toxin and stops transmission of bacteria infected with dangerous pahges.

Question 13

What vaccine doesn’t also work by preventing transmission?

Answer 13

Tetanus, because its an environment toxin.

Question 14

What does MMR stand for?

Answer 14

Mumps, meales and rubella.

Question 15

What should MMR be able to do?

Answer 15

Eradicate disease, due to high efficacy and safety profile to induce herd immunity.

Question 16

What two polio vaccines are there?

Answer 16

Polio Salk vaccine (chemically killed/inactivated) injection.
Polio sabin vaccine (live attenuated) orally adminitstered.

Question 17

How many variants of poliovirus are there?

Answer 17

3 variants.

Question 18

Why should polio be erradicable?

Answer 18

No animal reservoire
Effective and inexpensive vaccine.
Immunity from vaccine is lifelong.
only survives for a short time in the environment.

Question 19

Why haven’t we eradicated polio virus?

Answer 19

Because attenuated virus can mutate to a virulent person that can be transmitted to unprotected individuals if high levels of vaccination aren’t maintained.

Question 20

how does the attenuated polio vaccine regain virulence?

Answer 20

Mutations, and also recombination among vaccine strains and other enteroviruses.

Question 21

Whats an enterovirus?

Answer 21

Infects the nervous system in serious infections.

Question 22

What is conjugate vaccine made up of, and what are they good against?

Answer 22

made of a polysacchardie engineered with a protein/toxoid to stimulate T cell help.

Question 23

What diseases do Hib vaccines protect against?

Answer 23

Neisseria meningitis, menigococcal group C, streptocoocus pneuomoniae. Few instances where vaccines can give better than natural immunity.

Question 24

why are polysaccchardies poorly immunogenic>?

Answer 24

They’re anti phagocytic, and aern’t proteins, so dont’ stimulate T cell arm.

Question 25

3 pandemics we haven’t controlled

Answer 25

HIV, TB, Malaria