Intro to urogenital anatomy Flashcards
What vertebral levels are the kidneys located?
T12-L3, with the right being slight lower than the left.
what nerves are posterior to the kidneys?
The subcostal, iliohypogastric, and the ilioinguinal nerves.
What muscles are posterior to the kidneys?
The diaphragm, psoas major, quadratus lumborum, transversus abdominis.
What is nephrotosis?
A dropped kidney, caused by a loss of the fat surrounding the kidney due to starvation.
At what vertebral level are the renal arteries?
L1/L2.
What is significant about the right renal artery?
It is longer than the left and passes posterior to the IVC.
What is significant about the left renal vein?
It is longer than the right and receives the left gonadal, left inferior phrenic, and left suprarenal veins.
What is renal vein entrapment i.e “nutcracker” syndrome?
The left renal vein passes between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta. As such it can become compressed between the two.
What is the spacial relationship of the renal vein, artery, and renal pelvis?
The renal vein is anterior to the renal artery, which is anterior to the renal pelvis.
What thoracic levels do the sympathetic fibers to the kidney originate at?
T10-L1
What nerves do the pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers to the kidneys travel with?
The lesser, least, and lumbar splanchnic nerves.
What afferent fibers do the renal sympathetic nerves carry?
Acute pain to T10-L1 (referred pain from the kidneys)
What nerve does the pre-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the kidneys travel with?
The vagus nerve.
What do the renal efferent parasympathetics convey?
Causes contraction of smooth muscle in the wall of the calyces and ureter.
What do the renal efferent sympathetics convey?
Vasomotor signals (constrict blood vessels, ect).
What is the abdominal site of ureter constriction?
At the renal pelvis/ureteric junction (ureteropelvic junction)
What is the pelvic site of ureter constriction?
At the passage over the pelvic brim (anterior to the external iliac vessels)
What is the intramural site of ureter constriction?
At the entry into the urinary bladder.
What is the arterial supply of the upper ureter?
The renal artery/vein.
What is the arterial supply of the middle ureter?
The gonadal and common iliac arteries and veins, as well as the aorta.
What is the arterial supply of the lower ureter?
The internal iliac artery/vein.
What nerve plexuses are ANS fibers to the ureters distributed?
The renal plexus (abdominal portion of ureters) and the inferior hypogastric plexus (pelvic portion of ureters)
Where so the preganglionic sympathetic fibers to the ureters originate, and what nerves do they travel with?
IML horns of T10-L1. They travel with the lesser, least, and lumbar splanchnic nerves.
What nerves do the pre-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the ureters travel with?
The vagus (upper ureters) and pelvic splanchnic (lower ureters) nerves.
What is a cystocele?
A prolapsed bladder that can occur on females due to vaginal delivery.
What is the innervation of the trigone of the bladder?
The trogone is sympathetically innervated and acts as a sphincter mechanism of the ureter. (as opposed to the detruser muscle which is parasympathetic)
What are the portions of the male urethra?
The intramural, the prostatic, the membranous, and the spongy (penile) portions.
Where does the intramural urethra extend?
Through the neck of the bladder.
Where does the prostatic urethra extend?
Through the prostate. Receives ejaculatory duct and prostatic ducts and constitutes a merging of the reproductive and urinary systems).
What portions of the urethra does the sphincter urethrae muscle invest?
The prostatic and membranous portions.
What is the innervation of the skeletal component of the sphincter urethrae muscle?
The pudendal nerve (S2,3,4).
What is the innervation of the smooth muscle component of the sphincter urethrae muscle?
It is innervated sympathetically.
What are the portions of the female urethra?
The superior (pelvic) and inferior (perineal) portions.
Where is the pararenal fat located?
The pararenal fat is located on the outside of the renal fascia.
Where is the perirenal fat located?
The perirenal fat is located between the kidney and the renal fascia.
