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AUBF PRELIM > Intro To Urinalysis > Flashcards

Intro To Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

Most frequent chemical analysis performed on urine; used for detection and monitoring of DM

A

Glucose

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2
Q

What is the white color in Hazardous Material Classification

A

Specific Hazard

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3
Q

Lysis of red blood cells

A

Hemoglobinuria

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4
Q

Measure of the density of dissolved chemicals in the urine specimen

A

Urine SG

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5
Q

Paired with Bilirubin to determine Liver Disease

A

Urobilinogen

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6
Q

Located within Bowman’s Capsule and forms the beginning of renal tubule

A

Glomerulus

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7
Q

Causes of Alkaline Urine

A

Diet high in fruits and vegetables

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8
Q

What is the change in the bilirubin of unpreserved urine, and it’s cause

A

Decreased, exposure to light/photo oxidation to biliverdin

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9
Q

The substance to be reabsorbed must combined with a carrier protein

A

Active Transport

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10
Q

Harm or Injury associated with the hazard

A

Risk

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11
Q

Extuingishing materials of Class A fire type

A

Wood, paper, and clothing

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12
Q

30 secs reading time in Reagent strip

A

Bilirubin
Glucose

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13
Q

Evident if there is an injury in the urinary tract

A

Blood

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14
Q

Type of urine preservative that is used for drug analyses

A

Sodium Flouride

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15
Q

An ultrafiltrate of plasma

A

Urine

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16
Q

What is the red hazard in Hazardous Material Classification

A

Fire Hazard

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17
Q

Nitrite (Reagent strip) Basis of Test

A

ability of certain bacteria to reduce nitrate to nitrite

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18
Q

Type of urine preservative that prevents bacterial growth and metabolism

A

Boric Acid (almost all acids)

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19
Q

It is any object with the potential to cause harm

A

Hazard

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20
Q

Reagent Strip (Glucose Oxidase) Reactions principle

A

Double sequential enzyme reaction

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21
Q

Uses a urine strip reader, or a urine analyzer in which a machine will do the chemical testing on your behalf.

A

Automated Reagent Strip

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22
Q

Buffering capacity of blood depends on

A

Biocarbonate (HCO3-) ions

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23
Q

It consists of a coil of approximately eight capillary lobes

A

Glomerulus

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24
Q

Abnormal volume of protein associated with Proteinuria

A

Greater than 30mg/dL or 300mg/L

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25
Q

What gives urine its yellow color; considered the most predominant pigment seen in fresh samples

A

Urochrome

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26
Q

Average daily urine output

A

1,200mL

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27
Q

Screening test for Bence Jones Protein

A

Solubility test

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28
Q

Aromatic odor

A

Normal

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29
Q

Source of Sharp Hazards

A

Needles, lancets, and broken glass

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30
Q

Decrease in urine output

A

Oliguria

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31
Q

Bleach odor

A

Contamination

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32
Q

60 secs reading time in Reagent Strip

A

Nitrite
Urobilinogen
Protein
pH
Blood

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33
Q

Ttpe of urine specimen that is used to produce accurate quantitatively results

A

24-hour Specimen

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34
Q

Surrounds the proximal and distal convoluted tubule

A

Peritubular Capillaries

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35
Q

Type of Diabetes wherein there is a decrease in insulin or decrease function of insulin

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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36
Q

It controls the regulation of the flow of blood to and within thr glomerulus

A

Renin-Angiotensis-Aldosterone System

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37
Q

pH of first morning specimens

A

5.0 to 6.0 (slightly acidic during the morning)

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38
Q

Bilirubin (Reagent strip) Principle

A

Diazo reaction

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39
Q

Pressure resulting from the smaller size of efferent arteriole

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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40
Q

The test most commonly associated with tubular secretion and renal blood flow

A

P-aminohippuric acid (PAH) test

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41
Q

It is often the first function affected in renal disease

A

Tubular Reabsorption Capability

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42
Q

Blood (Reagent Strip) Color Reaction

A

yellow- green – blue

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43
Q

Blood (Reagent Strip) Principle

A

Pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin

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44
Q

Familial benign hypercalcemia

A

Blue urine

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45
Q

Soft, clear plastic bags with hypoallergenic akin adhesive attached to the genital area

A

Pediatric Specimen

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46
Q

Cause of pale yellow urine

A

Polyuria
DI and DM
DIlute random specimen

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47
Q

Non-reversible spontaneous decarboxylation product of diacetic acid

A

Acetone

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48
Q

Water is removed by

A

Osmosis

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49
Q

Cause of pink / red urine color

A

RBCs
Hemoglobin
Myoglobin

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50
Q

How many percent does acetone occupy in ketones

A

2%

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51
Q

How to check for urine color

A

Good light source
White background
Look down, well lit room

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52
Q

The more yellow, the more ________ it is

A

Acidic

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53
Q

Clear urine with positive chemical test for blood; muscle damage

A

Myoglobin

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54
Q

Consist of 85% of nephrons, located within the cortex of kidney, main function is removal of waste and reabsorption

A

Cortical Nephron

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55
Q

What is the change in the nitrite of unpreserved urine, and it’s cause

A

Increased, multiplication of nitrate-reducing bacteria

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56
Q

Cause of blue-green urine color

A

Methylene blue

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57
Q

Most random urine SG

A

1.015 to 1.030

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58
Q

The temperature not necessary of refractometer

A

15C to 38C

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59
Q

Primary organic component of urine

A

Urea

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60
Q

Relies on volume displacement; not recommended by CLSI

A

Urinometry

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61
Q

What are the cellular structures of the Glomerulus

A

Capillary wall membrane
Basement membrane
Visceral epithelium of bowman’s capsule

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62
Q

Source of Chemical Hazards

A

Preservatives and Reagents

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63
Q

Patients were deprived of fluids for 24 hours prior to measuring specific gravity

A

Fishberg test

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64
Q

Process that provides documentation of proper sample identification from the time of collection to the receipt of laboratory results

A

Chain of Custody (COC)

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65
Q

Hemoglobinuria

A

Clear red

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66
Q

Fruity sweet odor

A

Ketones

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67
Q

You will compare a strip to a color chart attached to the canister where the urine strips are placed, then compare and determine the concentration of a substance.

A

Manual Reagent Strips

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68
Q

Indicative of Liver Disease

A

Bilirubin

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69
Q

Final adjustment of the urinary composition

PCT or DCT

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

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70
Q

Source of Electrical Hazards

A

Ungrounded or wet equipment; frayed cords

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71
Q

The liquid part of the blood

A

Plasma

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72
Q

Causes of Acidic Urine

A

Diet high in meat protein and with some fruits such as cranberries

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73
Q

What is the renal threshold of glucose

A

160mg/dl to 180mg/dl

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74
Q

Blood enters the capillaries of the nephrons through the

A

Afferent Arteriole

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75
Q

Represent multiple complex, state-of-the-art chemical reactions

A

Reagent Strips

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76
Q

Extinguishing material of Class K fire type

A

Grease, oils, and fats

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77
Q

What is the blue color in Hazardous Material Classification

A

Health Hazard

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78
Q

Immediate reabsorption of essential substance from the fluid

PCT or DCT

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

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79
Q

Presence of albumin in urine above the normal level but below the detectable range of conventional urine dipstick methods

A

Microalbuminuria

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80
Q

Specific Gravity (Reagent strip) Reagent

A

Multistix: Poly (methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride) bromthymol blue
Chemstrip: Ethyleneglycoldiaminoethylethertetraacetic acid,
bromthymol blue

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81
Q

Odor of freshly voided urine

A

Faint Aromatic

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82
Q

How many percent are the solutes in a normal urine composition

A

5%

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83
Q

Renal Functions

A

Renal blood flow
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

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84
Q

Ketone (Reagent strip) Principle

A

Based on sodium nitroprusside (nitroferricyanide) reaction

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85
Q

Major serum protein found in the urine

A

Albumin

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86
Q

Cause of green urine color

A

Pseudomonas infection

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87
Q

Determines the concentration of dissolved particles by measuring refractive index; its principle is refractive index

A

Refractometer

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88
Q

Accurate pH measurement; Used in patients with disturbances of acid-base balance

A

pH Electrode

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89
Q

Cause of brown or black urine color

A

Malignant melanoma
Melanin
Melanogen

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90
Q

What is the change on the bacteria of unpreserved urine, and it’s cause

A

Increased, multiplication

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91
Q

Confirmatory for Bence Jones Protein

A

Serum Electrophoresis/IE

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92
Q

More accurate evaluation of renal concentrating ability; its principle is changes in colligative properties by particle number

A

Osmolality

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93
Q

How many percent does Beta-hydroxybutyric acid occupy in ketones

A

78%

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94
Q

Primary method used for the chemical examination of urine

A

Reagent Strips

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95
Q

Sweaty Feet odor

A

Isovaleric Acidemia

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96
Q

Most vulnerable part of drug testing program

A

Drug Specimen Collection

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97
Q

Not a urine SG

A

lower than 1.002

98
Q

Reagent used in Reagent Strip

A

Tetrabromophenol blue; Tetrachlorophenol
tetrabromosulfophthalein

99
Q

Type of Diabetes wherein there is a decrease in the production of antidiuretic hormone

A

Diabetes Insipidus

100
Q

Test to determine the ability of tubules to reabsorb the essential salts and water

A

Concentration Test

101
Q

Located adjacent to the ascending and descending loops of henle in juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Vasa Recta

102
Q

What is the change in the clarity of unpreserved urine, and it’s cause

A

Decreased, bacterial growth and precipitation of amorphous materials

103
Q

Cause of dark yellow urine

A

Concentrated specimen
Dehydration

104
Q

Extinguishing materials of Class C fire type

A

Electrical

105
Q

RACE means

A

Rescue, Alarm, Contain, and Extinguish

106
Q

What is the total renal blood flow

A

1,200 mL/min

107
Q

40 secs reading time in Reagent Strip

A

Ketone

108
Q

pH of normal random specimen

A

4.5 to 8.0 (sometime acidic, sometime akaline)

109
Q

Range of a normal daily urine output

A

1,200 to 1,500mL / 600 to 2000mL is considered normal

110
Q

Assess urinary tract infection, presence of nitrate reducing bacteria

A

Nitrite

111
Q

Urine volume required for drug testing program

A

30mL to 45mL (strasinger) while for DOH manual 60mL for single collection and 30mL for split-collection

112
Q

Recommended temperature for the refrigeration of urine

A

2°C to 8°C

113
Q

Maximum point at which kidneys are able to reabsorb substances

A

Maximal Reabsorptive Capacity

114
Q

What gives urine pink pigment when specimen is refrigerated

A

Uroerythrin

115
Q

Few particulates, print easily seen through urine

A

Hazy

116
Q

What includes in physical examination of urine

A

Color, Clarity, Specific Gravity, and Odor

117
Q

The movement of molecules across a membrane

A

Passive Transport

118
Q

HGB or hemoglobinuria plasma color

A

Red plasma

119
Q

Cause of orange-yellow urine color

A

Phenindione

120
Q

It is considered the ideal screening specimen

A

First-morning specimen

121
Q

Based on changes in sound wave frequency

A

Harmonic Oscillation Densitometry

122
Q

MGB or myoglobinuria plasma color

A

Normal plasma

123
Q

Recommended capacity of a urine container

A

50mL

124
Q

Seen in case of multiple myeloma

A

Bence Jones Protein

125
Q

It prohibits the filtration of large molecules

A

Shield of negativity

126
Q

Principle of Protein Reagent Strip

A

Protein error of indicators

127
Q

Factors influencing the actual filtration process

A

Bowman’s Capsule
Hydrostatic and Oncotic pressures, and
The feedback mechanism of the renin-angiotensis-aldosterone system (RAAS)

128
Q

Bilirubin (Reagent strip) Reagent

A

Multistix: 2,4-dichloroaniline diazonium salt
Chemstrip: 2,6-dichlorobenzene diazonium salt

129
Q

Frequent night urination

A

Nocturia

130
Q

Parameters of Reagent Strips

A

pH
Protein
Glucose
Ketones
Blood
Bilirubin
Urobilinogen
Nitrite
Leukocyte
Specific gravity

131
Q

Perform urine testing within how many hours

A

2 hours

132
Q

Normal random urine SG

A

1.002 to 1.005

133
Q

2mins reading time in Reagent Strip

A

Leukocyte

134
Q

Type of urine preservative that is excellent for sediment preservation

A

Formalin

135
Q

Alternative for catheterized specimen, provides a less-traumatic method

A

Midstream clean catch

136
Q

Precursor of melanoma

A

Melanogen

137
Q

Collected under sterile conditions by passing a hollow tube through the urethra into the bladder

A

Catheterized Specimen

138
Q

Specific Gravity (Reagent strip) principle

A

pKa change (dissociation constant) of a
polyelectrolyte in an alkaline medium

139
Q

Many particulates, print blurred through urine

A

Cloudy

140
Q

No visible particulates, transparent

A

Clear

141
Q

Cause of yellow-green urine color

A

BIlirubin oxidized to biliverdin

142
Q

Nitrite (Reagent strip) Principle

A

Greiss reaction

143
Q

Print cannot be seen through urine

A

Turbid

144
Q

Compared the volume and specific gravity of day and night urine

A

Mosenthal test

145
Q

What is the change in the trichomonas of unpreserved urine, and it’s cause

A

Decreased, Loss of Motility and Death

146
Q

Contains a shield that repels molecules with a positive charge

A

Shield of Negativity

147
Q

Maple syrup odor

A

Maple syrup urine disease

148
Q

Test that measures the rate at which kidneys are able to remove filterable substance from the blood

A

Clearance Test

149
Q

What is the change on the odor of unpreserved urine, and it’s cause

A

Increased, bacterial multiplation causing breakdown of urea to ammonia

150
Q

Cause of colorless urine

A

Recent fluid consumption

151
Q

Mousy odor

A

Phenylketonuria

152
Q

Functional Proteinuria happens due to

A

Strenuous exercise

153
Q

Primary inorganic component of urine

A

Chloride

154
Q

Clear urine with positive chemical test for blood; intravascular hemolysis

A

Hemoglobin

155
Q

What is the total renal plasma flow

A

600mL/min to 700mL/min

156
Q

Sequence of renal blood flow

A

Renal Artery -> AA -> Glomerolus -> EA -> Pertibular capillaries and vasa recta -> Renal Vein

157
Q

What gives urine orange-brown color; not fresh or left for sometime

A

Urobilin

158
Q

Extinguishing material of Class B fire type

A

Flammable organic chemicals or flammable liquids

159
Q

Cessation in urine output

A

Anuria

160
Q

Can be valuable to measure the viability of a transplanted kidney

A

Radionucleotides

161
Q

Source of Biologic Hazard?

A

Infectious Agents

162
Q

Proteins from prostatic, seminal, vaginal secretions

A

Tamm-Horsfall protein (uromodulin)

163
Q

Corrections for glucose and protein

A

Subtract 0.003 for each gram of protein
Subtract 0.004 for each gram of glucose

164
Q

pH indicator

A

Bromthymol Blue

165
Q

Breath deodorizer color

A

Green urine

166
Q

Extinguishing material of Class D fire type

A

Combustible metals

167
Q

How many percent is water in a normal urine composition

A

95%

168
Q

Routine laboratory measurements of GFR

A

Creatinine Clearance

169
Q

Depends on the number of particles present in a solution and the density of these particles

A

Specific Gravity

170
Q

What is the change of the color of unpreserved urine, and it’s cause

A

Modified/darkened, oxidation or reduction of metabolites

171
Q

Source of Radioactive Hazards

A

Equipment and Isotopes

172
Q

A heme containing protein found in
muscle tissue

A

Myoglobin

173
Q

Source of Radioactive Hazards

A

Equipment and Isotopes

174
Q

Indicative of Diabetes Mellitus

A

Glucose

175
Q

Indicative of Kidney Disease

A

Protein

176
Q

Organs that maintain the acid-base equilibrium

A

Kidney (reabsorption of bicarbonate and
secretion of hydrogen ions) and Lungs (excretion of carbon dioxide)

177
Q

How many percent does acetoacetic acid occupy in ketones

A

20%

178
Q

Principle: double indicator system of Methyl Red (red to yellow, pH 4.0-6.0) and Bromothymol blue (yellow to blue, 6.0-9.0)

A

pH Reagent Strip

179
Q

Type of urine preservative that does not interfere with chemical tests

A

Refrigeration

180
Q

45 secs reading time in Reagent Strip

A

Specific Gravity

181
Q

Disorders of renal or genitourinary origin

A

Hematuria

182
Q

A polymer of fructose, extremely stable substance

A

Inulin

183
Q

What is the change in the ketones of unpreserved urine, and it’s cause

A

Decreased, volatilization and bacterial multiplication

184
Q

Normal color of urine

A

Yellow

185
Q

The plasma concentration at which active glucose transport stops

A

Renal Threshold

186
Q

How many nephrons are in the kidney

A

1 to 1.5 million nephrons

187
Q

Albumin Qualitative test principle

A

Precipitation of protein by heat and coagulation by chemical reagents

188
Q

Relies on the ability of glucose and other substances to reduce copper sulfate to cuprous oxide in the presence of alkali and heat

A

Copper Reduction Test

189
Q

Specific Gravity (Reagent strip) Color reaction

A

Blue (1.000) to shades of green-yellow(1.030)

190
Q

Acid-base balance of the patient

A

pH

191
Q

Excreting usually less than 0.5g of protein per day

A

Functional Proteinuria

192
Q

Assess urinary tract infection, Presence of
Leukocytes

A

Leukocyte Esterase

193
Q

Eight capillary lobes referred to collectively as the

A

Capillary Tufts

194
Q

Recommended urine capacity for microscopic analysis

A

12mL

195
Q

Many precipitate or be clottede

A

Milky

196
Q

Normal volume of protein

A

Less than 10 mg/dL or 100 mg per 24 hours

197
Q

Begins in the descending loops and ascending loops of henle

A

Tubular Concentration

198
Q

Foul, ammonia-like odor

A

Bacterial decomposition, UTI

199
Q

Hematuria

A

Intact RBC (cloudy red)

200
Q

Standard tests used to measure the filtering capacity of glomeruli

A

Clearance Test

201
Q

What is the change in the glucose of unpreserved urine, and it’s cause

A

Decreased, glycolysis and bacterial use

202
Q

What is the change on the pH of unpreserved urine, and it’s cause

A

Increased, breakdown of urea to ammonia by urease-producing bacteria

203
Q

Substance that is completely removed from the blood

A

P-aminohippuric acid

204
Q

Transparency or turbidity of the urine specimen

A

Clarity

205
Q

Type of urine specimen that is considered most common

A

Random Specimen

206
Q

Measures change in pKa (dissociation constant) of a polyelectrolyte in an alkaline medium

A

Reagent Strip SG

207
Q

What is the kidney’s functional units

A

Nephrons

208
Q

Use ________ to measure SG of urine

A

Osmometer

209
Q

Many particulates, print blurred through urine

A

Cloudy

210
Q

SG of urine

A

1.010

211
Q

What influences color of urine

A

Normal metabolic function
Physical Activity
Ingested material
Pathologic Condition

212
Q

The most indicative of renal disease; Associated with early renal disease

A

Protein

213
Q

Principle of Reagent Strip

A

Double sequential enzymatic reaction

214
Q

Cabbage odor

A

Methione malabsorption

215
Q

Source of Physical Hazards

A

Wet floors, heavy boxes, and patients

216
Q

Source of Fire Hazard

A

Open flames and Organic chemicals

217
Q

Bilirubin (Reagent strip) Color Reaction

A

tan or pink to violet

218
Q

Ketones (Clinical Importance)

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis (IDDM)
Insulin dosage monitoring
Starvation
Excessive carbohydrate loss

219
Q

Blood flows through the glomerulus and into the

A

Efferent Arteriole

220
Q

Blood (Reagent Strip) Chromogen

A

Tetramethylbenzidine

221
Q

Simple, rapid means for performing medically significant chemical analysis of urine

A

Reagent Strips

222
Q

What is the yellow color in Hazardous Material Classification

A

Instability

223
Q

What is the change in the RBC, WBC, and Casts of unpreserved urine, and it’s cause

A

Decreased, disintegration in dilute alkaline urine

224
Q

Intermediate products of fat metabolism

A

Ketones

225
Q

Have longer loops of henle, located near the medulla, and its function is concentration of urine

A

Juxtamedullary Nephron

226
Q

Is responsible for the bulk of the
bicarbonate reabsorption/generation

A

Proximal renal tubule

227
Q

What is the change in the urobilinogen of unpreserved urine, and it’s cause

A

Decreased, oxidation to urobilin

228
Q

Process which provides for almost 100% reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate occurs primarily in the

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

229
Q

Human kidneys receive approximately how many percent of the blood pumped

A

25%

230
Q

Indicative of Diabetes Mellitus, Starvation, Malnourishment

A

Ketones

231
Q

Increase in urine output

A

Polyuria

232
Q

Is a small protien produced at a constant rate by all nucleated cells

A

Cystatin C

233
Q

PASS means

A

Pull pin, Aim at base of fire, Squeez handles, and Sweep nozzle side to side

234
Q

Types of clarity in urine specimen

A

Clear
Hazy
Cloudy
Turbid
Milky

235
Q

What includes urine routine analysis

A

Physical examination, Chemical examination, and Microscopic examination

236
Q

Rancid odor

A

Tyrosinemia

237
Q

Assessing hydration of the patient

A

Specific Gravity

238
Q

Cause of port wine urine color

A

Porphyrins

239
Q

Pressure of unfiltered plasma proteins in the glomerular capillaries

A

Oncotic pressure

240
Q

Dissociate from human leukocyte antigens

A

Beta2 microglobulin

AUBF PRELIM (1 decks)

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