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neurobiology > intro to the nervous system > Flashcards

intro to the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what are some examples of neurobiology on a chemical level?

A

neurotransmitters, receptors, signaling pathways

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2
Q

what are some examples of neurobiology on a cellular level?

A

neurons, glia, astrocytes

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3
Q

what are some examples of neurobiology on a tissues level?

A

parenchyma, cerebral cortex

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4
Q

what are some examples of neurobiology on an organs level?

A

brain, spinal cord

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5
Q

what are some examples of neurobiology on an organ systems level?

A

nervous, endocrine

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6
Q

what are the two categories of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system
peripheral nervous system

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7
Q

what makes up the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

what two divisions make up the PNS?

A

sensory and motor division

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9
Q

what two divisions make up the sensory division of the peripheral nervous system?

A

visceral sensory division and somatic sensory division

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10
Q

what two divisions make up the motor division of the peripheral nervous system?

A

visceral motor division and somatic motor division

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11
Q

what two divisions make up the visceral motor division of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system?

A

sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

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12
Q

what do afferent signals do?

A

carries signals from receptors to CNS

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13
Q

what is the integration center of the nervous system?

A

brain

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14
Q

what do efferent signals do?

A

carries signals from the CNS to muscles and glands

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15
Q

are afferent signals sensory or motor?

A

sensory

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16
Q

are efferent signals sensory or motor?

A

motor

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17
Q

where do somatic efferent signals go?

A

to skeletal muscle

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18
Q

where do visceral efferent signals go?

A

to glands, or cardiac and smooth muscles

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19
Q

what do sympathetic visceral efferent signals do?

A

arousal (increase heart rate, respiration, digestion)

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20
Q

what do parasympathetic visceral efferent signals do?

A

calming (decrease heart rate, respiration, digestion)

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21
Q

what are ganglia?

A

concentration of cell bodies

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22
Q

what are dendrites?

A

the detectors. they receive messages from other cells and environment

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23
Q

what is the cell body?

A

the cell’s life support center

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24
Q

what is does an axon do?

A

passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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25
Q

what does the myelin sheath do?

A

covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses (like insulation around a wire makes it more efficient and quicker)

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26
Q

what is a neuron?

A

a cell that is able to generate its own electricity

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27
Q

what are the three parts of cells?

A

conductive
secretion
excitability

28
Q

what is the propagation of action potentials?

A

conductive
ex) sodium and potassium channels along the axon

29
Q

what is the release of neurotransmitter?

A

secretion
ex) vesicle fusion to membrane at axon terminal

30
Q

what is the binding of neurotransmitter?

A

excitability
ex) ligand gated channels and receptors at dendrites

31
Q

what is a synapse?

A

communication space between axon terminal and the dendrite

32
Q

T/F: the axon of one neuron touches the dendrite of the other?

A

False they rarely touch the space between is the synapse for neurotransmitters to be released

33
Q

how many neurotransmitters are there?

A

over a 100 that all work in different ways and match with different receptors

34
Q

what are the two types of receptors?

A

ion channels
g protein coupled receptors

35
Q

what are ion channels?

A

transmembrane proteins that can form a pore in the cell membrane for fast chemical signaling

36
Q

what are g protein coupled receptors?

A

receptors involved in a slower cascade of signaling to intracellular proteins

37
Q

T/F: receptors will only bind a certain type of neurotransmitter

A

True- sometimes can bind other molecules that “modulate” the activity of the receptor

38
Q

light, heat, pressure, chemicals
begin in organs and end in CNS

A

sensory neurons

39
Q

send signals to muscles and glands
control contraction

A

motor neurons

40
Q

exclusively in the CNS
comprise 90% of neurons
integrate signals from multiple neurons to “make decisions”
connect incoming sensory neurons and outgoing motor pathways

A

interneurons

41
Q

what are bipolar neurons?

A

have two processes (dendritic process and axon)

42
Q

where are bipolar neurons found?

A

in special sense organs between receptors and other neurons

43
Q

what are unipolar neurons?

A

fused dendrite and axon

44
Q

T/F: most motor neurons are unipolar

A

false- most sensory neurons are for general senses

45
Q

what are multipolar neurons?

A

two or more dendrites and single axon

46
Q

what is the most common neuron in CNS and all motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles?

A

multipolar neurons

47
Q

where are proteins for neurons primarily made?

A

in the soma

48
Q

where do proteins for neurons need to go?

A

axon/dendrite

49
Q

where do proteins that need to be disposed go?

A

back to the soma from the axon/dendrites

50
Q

what are the three types of axonal transport?

A

fast anterograde, fast retrograde, and slow anterograde

51
Q

describe fast anterograde

A

20-400 mm/day
mitochondria
synaptic vesicles
enzymes
small ions and molecules

52
Q

describe fast retrograde

A

20-400 mm/day
used synaptic vesicles
pathogens
sends back up

53
Q

describe slow anterograde

A

.5-10 mm/day
“stop and go”
cytoskeletal components
replaces worn-out enzymes
repairs damaged nerves

54
Q

what glia are located in the CNS?

A

oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
microglia
astrocytes

55
Q

what glia are located in the PNS?

A

schwann cells
satellite cells

56
Q

describe oligodendrocytes

A

resembles octopus with up to 15 arms
each arm wraps around nearby axon which forms insulating myelin sheath
job= to make myelin
1 cell can myelinate up to 15 axons

57
Q

describe ependymal cells

A

lines internal cavities of brain and spinal cord
they produce and circulate CSF

58
Q

describe microglia

A

macrophages that phagocytize dead tissue, debris and pathogens
concentrated at sites of trauma and injury

59
Q

describe astrocytes

A

cover brain surface, providing framework for tissue
contact capillaries to form blood-brain barrier
regulate blood flow and composition of tissue fluid

60
Q

describe schwann cells

A

has a single arm that produces myelin sheath on axons
job: make myelin
1 cell can myelinate 1 axon

61
Q

describe satellite cells

A

insulate somas in ganglia of the PNS

62
Q

what does the speed of nerve signal transmission rely on?

A

diameter of the fiber and amount of myelin

63
Q

how does diameter of fiber effect nerve signal transmission?

A

conduction occurs at surface, not in axoplasm. more surface area means faster conduction

64
Q

how does the amount of myelin effect speeds of nerve signal transmission?

A

unmyelinated 0.5-2 m/s
small myelinated 3-15 m/s
large myelinated up to 120m/s

65
Q

what are unmyelinated fibers for?

A

hormonal secretion and pupil dilation

66
Q

what are myelinated fibers for?

A

skeletal muscle, sensory signals, balance

neurobiology (5 decks)

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