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Biology 141-Human A& P > Intro To The Human Body > Flashcards

Intro To The Human Body Flashcards

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1
Q

The science of body structures and the relationship among them.

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

The science of body functions and how the body parts work.

A

Physiology

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3
Q

What are the six levels of structural organization?

A
  1. ) Chemical Level- ex:atoms
  2. )Cellular Level- smooth muscle cell
  3. ) Tissue Level- smooth muscle tissue
  4. ) Organ Level-stomach
  5. ) System Level- Digestive system
  6. ) Organismal Level-individual
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4
Q

What are the 6 basic life processes that separate living things from non living things?

A
  1. ) Metabolism
  2. ) Responsiveness
  3. ) Movement
  4. ) Growth
  5. )Differentiation
  6. ) Reproduction
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5
Q

The condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body.

A

Homeostasis

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6
Q

Fluid within cells, abbreviated ICF.

A

Intracellular fluid

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7
Q

Fluid outside of the body cells, ECF.

A

Extracellular Fluid

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8
Q

The ECF that fills narrow spaces between cells of tissue.

A

Interstitial fluid

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9
Q

ECF within blood vessels

A

Blood plasma

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10
Q

ECF within lymphatic vessels.

A

Lymph

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11
Q

ECF around the brain and spinal cord.

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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12
Q

ECF in joints.

A

Synovial fluid

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13
Q

ECF in the eyes.

A

Aqueous humor

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14
Q

Smallest blood vessels in the body.

A

Blood capillaries

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15
Q

The nervous system regulates homeostasis by sending electrical signals known as…

A

Nerve impulses (action potentials)

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16
Q

A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated..

A

Feedback system (feedback loop)

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17
Q

A monitored variable

A

Controlled condition

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18
Q

A disruption to the controlled condition is called a

A

Stimulus

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19
Q

3 basic components of a Feedback System:

A
  1. )receptor - body structure that monitors any change and sends input to a control center
  2. ) control center- the brain. Evaluates input and sends output for responses. The Efferent Pathway-output flowing from the control center.
  3. )Effector- body structure that receives output from control center and generates response to change the condition
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20
Q

System that reverses a change in a controlled condition.

Ex: BP rising, receptors send signal to brain(control center), thus sending output to the heart and blood vessels (effectors). Heart rate decreases and blood vessels dilate which causes the response to decrease BP.

A

Negative Feedback System

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21
Q

System that strengthens and reinforces the change in the body’s controlled condition.

Ex: childbirth and labor..continuing contractions.

A

Positive Feedback

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22
Q

An abnormality of structure or function.

A

Disorder

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23
Q

More specific term for an illness characterized by a set of signs and symptoms.

A

Disease

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24
Q

A disease that effects one part of the body.

Ex: sinus infection

A

Local disease

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25
Q

Disease that effects the entire body or multiple parts of it.

Ex: influenza

A

Systemic disease

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26
Q

Subjective changes in the body functions that are not apparent to an observer.

Ex: nausea, headache, anxiety

A

Symptoms

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27
Q

Objective changes that can be observed.

Ex: rash, swelling

A

Signs

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28
Q

The science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted.

A

Epidemiology

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29
Q

Science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease.

A

Pharmacology

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30
Q

The science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another.

A

Diagnosis

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31
Q

The position where the subject stands erect with feet on the floor, eyes forward, limbs at their side, palms facing forward.

A

Anatomical position

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32
Q

The position where the body is lying facedown.

A

Prone

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33
Q

Position where the body is lying faceup.

A

Supine

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34
Q

5 Regional names for the body:

A
  1. ) head
  2. ) neck
  3. ) trunk
  4. ) upper limbs
  5. ) lower limbs
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35
Q

Consists of the skull and face.

A

Head aka. Cephalic region

36
Q

Supports the head and connects to the trunk.

A

Neck AKA. Cervical region

37
Q

Consists of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis.

A

Trunk

38
Q

Attaches to the trunk and consists of the shoulder, armpit, arm (from shoulder to elbow), forearm (elbow to wrist), wrist, and hand.

A

Upper limb

39
Q

Attaches to the trunk and consists of the buttock, thigh, groin,leg, ankle, and foot.

A

Lower limb

40
Q

Words that describe of one body part relative to another.

A

Directional terms

41
Q

Toward the upper part of the body.

Ex: the heart is ___ to the liver.

A

Superior (cephalic or cranial)

42
Q

Toward the lower part of the body.

Ex: the stomach is __ to the lungs.

A

Inferior (caudal)

43
Q

Nearer to or at the front of the body.

Ex: the sternum is ____to the heart.

A

Anterior

44
Q

Nearer to or at the back of the body.

Ex: the esophagus is __ to the trachea.

A

Posterior (dorsal)

45
Q

Nearer to the midline.

Ex: the ulna is __ to the radius

A

Medial

46
Q

An imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides.

A

Midline

47
Q

Farther from the midline.

Ex: the lungs are ____ to the heart.

A

Lateral

48
Q

Between two structures.

Ex: the transverse colon is ___ (between) to the ascending and descending colon.

A

Intermediate

49
Q

On the same side of the body as another structure.

Ex: the gallbladder and the ascending colon are ___.

A

Ipsilateral

50
Q

On the opposite side of the body from another structure.

Ex: the ascending and descending colons are ____.

A

Contralateral

51
Q

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk, nearer to the origination of a structure.

Ex: the humerus is __ to the radius.

A

Proximal (above)

52
Q

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk, farther from the origination of a structure.

Ex: the phalanges are __ to the carpals(wrist bones).

A

Distal (below?)

53
Q

Toward or on the surface of the body.

Ex. The ribs are ___ to the lungs.

A

Superficial

54
Q

Away from the surface of the body.

Ex: the ribs are ___ to the skin of the chest and back.

A

Deep

55
Q

Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts

A

Planes

56
Q

Vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides.

A

Sagital plane

57
Q

When a plane passes through the midline of the body or organ and divides it into equal right and left sides.

A

Midsagital plane or aka median plane.

58
Q

When the plane divides the body or organ into unequal right and left sides.

A

Parasagital plane

59
Q

Divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

A

Frontal plane/coronal plane

60
Q

Plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

A

Transverse plane.

AKA cross-sectional or horizontal plane.

61
Q

A cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes.

A

Section

62
Q

Spaces that enclose internal organs.

A

Body cavities

63
Q

Hollow space in the head that contains the brain.

A

Cranial cavity

64
Q

Canal that contains the spine.

A

Vertebral canal

65
Q

Three layers of protective tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.

A

Meninges

66
Q

Major cavities of the trunk.

A

Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

67
Q

Cavity that is formed by the ribs, chest muscles, sternum, and some vertebrae..

A

Thoracic cavity

68
Q

A fluid filled space that surrounds the heart.

A

Pericardial cavity

69
Q

Fluid filled space that surrounds the lungs

A

Pleural cavities

70
Q

Central part of thoracic cavity

A

Mediastinum

71
Q

Cavity that contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.

A

Abdominal cavity

72
Q

Cavity that contains the bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system.

A

Pelvic cavity

73
Q

Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called

A

Viscera

74
Q

A slippery, double layered membrane associated body cavities that does not directly open to the exterior.

-covers viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen.

A

Serous membrane

75
Q

Parts of a serous membrane are

A

1) parietal layer- thin epithelium that lines the walls of cavities
2) visceral layer- a thin epithelium that adheres to the viscera within the cavities.

76
Q

Serous membrane of the pleural cavities is..

A

Pleura.

77
Q

Serous membrane of the pericardial cavity

A

Pericardium

78
Q

Serous membrane of abdominal cavity

A

Peritoneum

79
Q

Names of the 9 abdominopelvic regions.

A
  • right hypochondriac
  • epigastric
  • left hypochondriac
  • right lumbar
  • umbilical
  • left lumbar
  • right inguinal
  • hypogastric
  • left inguinal
80
Q

Umbilicus

A

Belly button

81
Q

Another way to separate the abdominopelvic cavity is by quadrants. Those 4 quadrants are:

A

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
left lower quadrant (LLQ)

82
Q

Conventional radiography

A

X-ray

83
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging where the body is exposed to a high energy magnetic field.

A

MRI

84
Q

CT stands for

A

Computed Tomography. Usually includes more detail than the average radiograph

85
Q

CCTA scan

A

Coronary computed tomography angiography.

86
Q

PET SCAN

A

Positron Emission Tomography. Uses positive particles to produce gamma rays that are picked up by gamma cameras.

87
Q

The visual examination of the inside of the body using a lighted instruments with lenses called an endoscope.

A

Endoscopy

Biology 141-Human A& P (1 decks)

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