Intro To The Human Body Flashcards
0
Q
Developmental biology
A
The complete development of an individual from fertilization to death.
1
Q
Embryology
A
Embry-embryo
Ology- study of
The first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg
2
Q
Cell biology
A
Cellular structure and functions.
3
Q
Histology
A
Hist-tissue
Microscopic structure of tissues.
4
Q
Gross anatomy
A
Structures that can be examined without a microscope.
5
Q
Systemic anatomy
A
Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous systems of the body such as the head or chest.
6
Q
Surface anatomy
A
Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpitation (gentle touch)
7
Q
Radiographic anatomy
A
Radio-ray
Graphic-to write
Body structures that can be visualized with x rays.
8
Q
Pathological anatomy
A
Path-disease
Structural changes (gross to microscope) associated with disease.
9
Q
Neurophysiology
A
Neuro-nerve
Functional properties of nerve cells.
10
Q
Endocrinology
A
Endo-within
Crin-secretion
Hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions.
11
Q
Cardiovascular physiology
A
Cardi-heart
Vascular-blood vessels
Functions of the heart and blood vessels.
12
Q
Immunology
A
Immun-not susceptible
The body’s defenses against disease-causing agents.
13
Q
Respiratory physiology
A
Respira- to breathe
Functions of the air passageways and lungs.
14
Q
Renal physiology
A
Ren-kidney
Functions of the kidneys.
15
Q
Exercise physiology
A
Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity.
16
Q
Pathophysiology
A
Functional changes associated with disease and aging.
17
Q
Anatomy
A
Ana-up
Tomy-process of cutting
The science of body structures and the relationships among them.
18
Q
Dissection
A
Dis-apart
Section-act of cutting
The careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships.
19
Q
Physiology
A
Physio-nature
Logy-study of
The science of body functions–how the body parts work.
20
Q
Atoms
A
The smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions.
21
Q
Molecules
A
Two or more atoms joined together.
22
Q
Cells
A
The basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals.
23
Q
Tissues
A
Groups of cells and materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function, similar to the way words are put together to form sentences.
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Organs
Structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.
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System
It consists of related organs with a common function.
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Organism
Any living individual.
27
Noninvasive diagnostic technique
It's one that does not involve insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or a body opening.
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Inspection
The examiner observes the body for any changes that deviate from normal.
29
Palpitation
Palp-gently touching
The examiner feels body surfaces with the hands.
30
Auscultation
Auscult- listening
The examiner listen to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs, often using a stethoscope to amplify the sounds.
31
Percussion
Percus-beat through
The examiner taps on the body surface with the fingertips and listens to the resulting echo.
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Metabolism
The sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body.
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Catabolism
Catabol-throwing down
Ism-a condition
The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components.
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Anabolism
Anabol-a raising up
The building up of complex substances from smaller, simpler components.
35
Responsiveness
The body's ability to detect and respond to changes.
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Movement
Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells,and even tiny structures inside cells.
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Growth
Is an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both.
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Differentiation
The development of a cell from a unspecialized to a specialized state.
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Reproduction
Refers to either (1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or (2) the production of a new individual.
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Homeostasis
Homeo-sameness
Stasis-standing still
Is the condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes.
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Body fluids
Dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as well as surrounding them.
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Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Intra-inside
The fluid within the cells.
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Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Extra-outside
The fluid outside body cells.
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Interstitial fluid
Inter-between
The ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues.
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Blood plasma
ECF within blood vessels.
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Lymph
ECF within lymphatic vessels.
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
A fluid produced by ependymal cells that cover choroid plexuses in the ventricles of the brain; the fluid circulates in the ventricles, the central canal, and the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord.
48
Synovial fluid
Secretion of synovial membranes that lubricates joints and nourishes articular cartilage.
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Aqueous humor
The watery fluid, similar in composition to CSF that fills the anterior cavity of the eye.
50
Vitreous body
A soft jellylike substance that fills the vitreous chamber of the eyeball, lying between the lens and the retina.
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Feedback system
A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated and so on.
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Receptor
A body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.
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Control center
Sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained (set point), evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates commands when they are needed.
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Effector
A body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.
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Negative feedback system
Reverses a change in a controlled condition.
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Positive feedback system
Tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body's controlled conditions.
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Disorder
Any abnormality of structure or function.
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Disease
A more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.
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Symptoms
Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer.
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Signs
Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure
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Epidemiology
Demi-people
The science that deals with why,when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community.
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Pharmacology
Pharmac-drug
The science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease.
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Diagnosis
Dia-through
Gnosis-knowledge
The science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another.
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Anatomical position
Descriptions of any region or part of the human body assume that it is in a standard position of reference.
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Directional terms
Words that describe the position of one body part relative to another.
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Superior
Cephalic or cranial
Toward the head, or the upper part of the structure.
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Inferior
Caudal
Away from the head, or the lower part of the structure.
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Anterior
Ventral
Nearer to or at the front of the body.
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Posterior
Dorsal
Nearer to or at the back of the body.
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Medial
Nearer to the midline
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Lateral
Farther from the midline
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Intermediate
Between two structures
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Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body as another structure.
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Contralatetal
On the opposite side of the body as another structure.
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Proximal
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure.
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Distal
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; father from the origination of a structure.
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Superficial
External
Toward or on the surface of the body.
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Deep
Internal
Away from the surface of the body.
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Planes
Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts.
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Sagittal plane
Saggit-arrow
A vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides.
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Midsagittal plane
A plane that passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal left and right sides.
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Midline
An imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal left and right sides
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Parasagittal plane
Para-near
A plane that does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides
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Frontal (coronal) plane
Corona-crown
Divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions.
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Transverse plane
Cross sectional or horizontal plane
Divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions.
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Oblique plane
Passes though the body or organ at an oblique angle (any angle other than a 90 degree angle)
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Section
A cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes just described.
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Body Cavities
Are spaces within the body that help protect, separate and support internal organs
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Cranial cavity
A hollow space created by the cranial bones which also contain the brain.
90
Vertebral (spinal) canal
The bones of the vertebral column form it and it also contains the spinal cord.
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Meninges
Three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, called the dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater.
92
Thoracic cavity
Thorac-chest
Formed by the ribs, the muscles of the chest, the sternum (breastbone), and the thoracic portion of the vertebral column.
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Pericardial cavity
Peri-around
Cardial-heart
A fluid filled space that surrounds the heart
94
Pleural cavities
Pleur-rib or side
Two fluid filled spaces around each lung.
95
Mediastinum
Media-middle
Stinum-partition
The central part of the thoracic cavity is an anatomical region. It is between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm.
96
Diaphragm
Partition or wall
Is a dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
97
Abdominopelvic cavity
Extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal muscular wall and the bones and muscles of the pelvis.
98
Abdominal cavity
Abdomin-belly
Contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.
99
Pelvic cavity
Pelv-brain
Contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system.
100
Viscera
Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
101
Membrane
A thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connect structures
102
Serous membrane
A slippery, double-layered membrane which covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen.
103
Pleura
The serous membrane of the pleural cavities.
104
Pericardium
The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity.
105
Peritoneum
Is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity.
106
Medical imaging
Refers to the techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body.
107
Umbilicus
Umbilic-navel
Belly button
