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Biology Chapter 1 > Intro To The Human Body > Flashcards

Intro To The Human Body Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Developmental biology

A

The complete development of an individual from fertilization to death.

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1
Q

Embryology

A

Embry-embryo
Ology- study of

The first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg

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2
Q

Cell biology

A

Cellular structure and functions.

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3
Q

Histology

A

Hist-tissue

Microscopic structure of tissues.

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4
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Structures that can be examined without a microscope.

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5
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous systems of the body such as the head or chest.

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6
Q

Surface anatomy

A

Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpitation (gentle touch)

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7
Q

Radiographic anatomy

A

Radio-ray
Graphic-to write

Body structures that can be visualized with x rays.

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8
Q

Pathological anatomy

A

Path-disease

Structural changes (gross to microscope) associated with disease.

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9
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Neuro-nerve

Functional properties of nerve cells.

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10
Q

Endocrinology

A

Endo-within
Crin-secretion

Hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions.

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11
Q

Cardiovascular physiology

A

Cardi-heart
Vascular-blood vessels

Functions of the heart and blood vessels.

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12
Q

Immunology

A

Immun-not susceptible

The body’s defenses against disease-causing agents.

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13
Q

Respiratory physiology

A

Respira- to breathe

Functions of the air passageways and lungs.

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14
Q

Renal physiology

A

Ren-kidney

Functions of the kidneys.

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15
Q

Exercise physiology

A

Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity.

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16
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Functional changes associated with disease and aging.

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17
Q

Anatomy

A

Ana-up
Tomy-process of cutting

The science of body structures and the relationships among them.

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18
Q

Dissection

A

Dis-apart
Section-act of cutting

The careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships.

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19
Q

Physiology

A

Physio-nature
Logy-study of

The science of body functions–how the body parts work.

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20
Q

Atoms

A

The smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions.

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21
Q

Molecules

A

Two or more atoms joined together.

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22
Q

Cells

A

The basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals.

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23
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells and materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function, similar to the way words are put together to form sentences.

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24
Q

Organs

A

Structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.

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25
Q

System

A

It consists of related organs with a common function.

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26
Q

Organism

A

Any living individual.

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27
Q

Noninvasive diagnostic technique

A

It’s one that does not involve insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or a body opening.

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28
Q

Inspection

A

The examiner observes the body for any changes that deviate from normal.

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29
Q

Palpitation

A

Palp-gently touching

The examiner feels body surfaces with the hands.

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30
Q

Auscultation

A

Auscult- listening

The examiner listen to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs, often using a stethoscope to amplify the sounds.

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31
Q

Percussion

A

Percus-beat through

The examiner taps on the body surface with the fingertips and listens to the resulting echo.

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32
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body.

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33
Q

Catabolism

A

Catabol-throwing down
Ism-a condition

The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components.

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34
Q

Anabolism

A

Anabol-a raising up

The building up of complex substances from smaller, simpler components.

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35
Q

Responsiveness

A

The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.

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36
Q

Movement

A

Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells,and even tiny structures inside cells.

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37
Q

Growth

A

Is an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both.

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38
Q

Differentiation

A

The development of a cell from a unspecialized to a specialized state.

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39
Q

Reproduction

A

Refers to either (1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or (2) the production of a new individual.

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40
Q

Homeostasis

A

Homeo-sameness
Stasis-standing still

Is the condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes.

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41
Q

Body fluids

A

Dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as well as surrounding them.

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42
Q

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

Intra-inside

The fluid within the cells.

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43
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

Extra-outside

The fluid outside body cells.

44
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Inter-between

The ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues.

45
Q

Blood plasma

A

ECF within blood vessels.

46
Q

Lymph

A

ECF within lymphatic vessels.

47
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

A fluid produced by ependymal cells that cover choroid plexuses in the ventricles of the brain; the fluid circulates in the ventricles, the central canal, and the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord.

48
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Secretion of synovial membranes that lubricates joints and nourishes articular cartilage.

49
Q

Aqueous humor

A

The watery fluid, similar in composition to CSF that fills the anterior cavity of the eye.

50
Q

Vitreous body

A

A soft jellylike substance that fills the vitreous chamber of the eyeball, lying between the lens and the retina.

51
Q

Feedback system

A

A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated and so on.

52
Q

Receptor

A

A body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.

53
Q

Control center

A

Sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained (set point), evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates commands when they are needed.

54
Q

Effector

A

A body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.

55
Q

Negative feedback system

A

Reverses a change in a controlled condition.

56
Q

Positive feedback system

A

Tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions.

57
Q

Disorder

A

Any abnormality of structure or function.

58
Q

Disease

A

A more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.

59
Q

Symptoms

A

Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer.

60
Q

Signs

A

Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure

61
Q

Epidemiology

A

Demi-people

The science that deals with why,when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community.

62
Q

Pharmacology

A

Pharmac-drug

The science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease.

63
Q

Diagnosis

A

Dia-through
Gnosis-knowledge

The science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another.

64
Q

Anatomical position

A

Descriptions of any region or part of the human body assume that it is in a standard position of reference.

65
Q

Directional terms

A

Words that describe the position of one body part relative to another.

66
Q

Superior

A

Cephalic or cranial

Toward the head, or the upper part of the structure.

67
Q

Inferior

A

Caudal

Away from the head, or the lower part of the structure.

68
Q

Anterior

A

Ventral

Nearer to or at the front of the body.

69
Q

Posterior

A

Dorsal

Nearer to or at the back of the body.

70
Q

Medial

A

Nearer to the midline

71
Q

Lateral

A

Farther from the midline

72
Q

Intermediate

A

Between two structures

73
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body as another structure.

74
Q

Contralatetal

A

On the opposite side of the body as another structure.

75
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure.

76
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; father from the origination of a structure.

77
Q

Superficial

A

External

Toward or on the surface of the body.

78
Q

Deep

A

Internal

Away from the surface of the body.

79
Q

Planes

A

Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts.

80
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Saggit-arrow

A vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides.

81
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

A plane that passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal left and right sides.

82
Q

Midline

A

An imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal left and right sides

83
Q

Parasagittal plane

A

Para-near

A plane that does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides

84
Q

Frontal (coronal) plane

A

Corona-crown

Divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions.

85
Q

Transverse plane

A

Cross sectional or horizontal plane

Divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions.

86
Q

Oblique plane

A

Passes though the body or organ at an oblique angle (any angle other than a 90 degree angle)

87
Q

Section

A

A cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes just described.

88
Q

Body Cavities

A

Are spaces within the body that help protect, separate and support internal organs

89
Q

Cranial cavity

A

A hollow space created by the cranial bones which also contain the brain.

90
Q

Vertebral (spinal) canal

A

The bones of the vertebral column form it and it also contains the spinal cord.

91
Q

Meninges

A

Three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, called the dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater.

92
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Thorac-chest

Formed by the ribs, the muscles of the chest, the sternum (breastbone), and the thoracic portion of the vertebral column.

93
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Peri-around
Cardial-heart

A fluid filled space that surrounds the heart

94
Q

Pleural cavities

A

Pleur-rib or side

Two fluid filled spaces around each lung.

95
Q

Mediastinum

A

Media-middle
Stinum-partition

The central part of the thoracic cavity is an anatomical region. It is between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm.

96
Q

Diaphragm

A

Partition or wall

Is a dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.

97
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal muscular wall and the bones and muscles of the pelvis.

98
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Abdomin-belly

Contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.

99
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Pelv-brain

Contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system.

100
Q

Viscera

A

Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

101
Q

Membrane

A

A thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connect structures

102
Q

Serous membrane

A

A slippery, double-layered membrane which covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen.

103
Q

Pleura

A

The serous membrane of the pleural cavities.

104
Q

Pericardium

A

The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity.

105
Q

Peritoneum

A

Is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity.

106
Q

Medical imaging

A

Refers to the techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body.

107
Q

Umbilicus

A

Umbilic-navel

Belly button

Biology Chapter 1 (2 decks)

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