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BIO 235 Athabasca > Intro to the Human Body > Flashcards

Intro to the Human Body Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the six most important life processes in the human body?

A

Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction

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2
Q

Describe the anatomical position,

A

Subject stands erect facing the observer with the head level and the eyes facing forward. The lower limbs are parallel and the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with the palms facing forward.

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3
Q

cephalic

A

head

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4
Q

cervical

A

neck

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5
Q

cranial

A

skull

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6
Q

facial

A

face

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7
Q

frontal

A

forehead

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8
Q

temporal

A

temple

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9
Q

orbital or ocular

A

eye

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10
Q

otic

A

ear

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11
Q

buccal

A

check

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12
Q

nasal

A

nose

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13
Q

mental

A

chin

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14
Q

sternal

A

breastbone

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15
Q

mammary

A

breast

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16
Q

umbilical

A

navel

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17
Q

coxal

A

hip

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18
Q

inguinal

A

groin

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19
Q

pelvic

A

pelvis

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20
Q

thoracic

A

chest

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21
Q

pollex

A

thumb

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22
Q

manual

A

hand

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23
Q

pubic

A

pubis

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24
Q

brachial

A

arm

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25
Q

antecubital

A

front of elbow

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26
Q

antebrachial

A

forearm

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27
Q

carpal

A

wrist

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28
Q

palmar or volvar

A

palm

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29
Q

digitial or phalangeal

A

fingers

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30
Q

femoral

A

thigh

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31
Q

patellar

A

anterior surface of knee

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32
Q

crural

A

leg

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33
Q

pedal

A

foot

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34
Q

crural

A

leg

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35
Q

tarsal

A

ankle

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36
Q

digitial or phalangeal

A

toes

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37
Q

dorsum

A

top of foot

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38
Q

halliux

A

great toe

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39
Q

occipital

A

base of skull

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40
Q

vertebral

A

spinal column

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40
Q

scapular

A

shoulder blad

41
Q

olecranal or cubital

A

back of elbow

42
Q

sacral

A

between hips

43
Q

dorsal

A

back

44
Q

lumbar

A

loin

45
Q

gluteal

A

buttock

46
Q

perineal

A

(region of anus and external genitals)

47
Q

popliteal

A

hollow behind knee

48
Q

sural

A

calf

49
Q

plantar

A

sole

50
Q

calcneal

A

heel

51
Q

dorsum

A

back of hand

52
Q

plantar

A

sole

53
Q

superior (cephalic or cranial)

A

toward the head, or the upper part of a structure

54
Q

inferior (caudal)

A

away from the head, or the lower part of a structure

55
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

nearer to or at the front front of the body

56
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

nearer to or at the back of the body

57
Q

medial

A

nearer to the midline

58
Q

lateral

A

farther from the midline

59
Q

intermediate

A

between two structures

60
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side of the body as another structure

61
Q

contralateral

A

on the opposite side of the body as another structure

62
Q

proximal

A

closer to the the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure

63
Q

distal

A

farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk

64
Q

superficial (external)

A

toward or on the surface of the body

65
Q

deep (internal)

A

away from the surface of the body

66
Q

sagittal plane

A

vertical plane that divides into right and left sides

67
Q

midsagittal (median plane)

A

divides into equal right and left sides (vertical)

68
Q

parasagittal

A

divides into unequal right and left sides (vertical)

69
Q

transverse
cross-sectional
horizontal plane

A

superior(upper) and inferior (lower) portions

70
Q

oblique

A

any angle other than a 90 degree angle

71
Q

section

A

cut of the body or one of its organs made along on of the planes

72
Q

Why is it important to know the plane of the section?

A

To understand the anatomical relationship of one part to another

73
Q

What are the spaces that enclose internal organs called?

A

Body cavities are spaces that enclose internal organs.

74
Q

The cranial bones form a hallow space of the head called the________ _________, and contains the _________.

A

cranial cavity
brain

75
Q

The bones of the vertebral column (backbone) form the ________ ________ and contain the _________.

A

vertebral (spinal) canal
spinal cord

76
Q

The ____________, are three layers of protective tissue that is a shock-absorbing fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

A

meninges

77
Q

What are the two major body cavities of the trunk?

A

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

78
Q

The ______________ cavity is formed by the ribs, the muscles of the chest, the sternum (breastbone), and the thoracic portion of the vertebral column.

A

thoracic

79
Q

What is the fluid filled space that surrounds the heart called?

A

pericardial

Located– within the thoracic cavity, the pericardial cavity is a fluid filled space that surrounds the heart.

80
Q

What are the pleural cavities and where are they located?

A

Located –within thoracic cavity
two fluid-filled spaces, one around each LUNG

81
Q

What is the central part of the thoracic cavity called?

A

mediastinum (media= middle, -stimum=parition).

82
Q

The thoracic cavity/chest cavity contains the:
1. p_____________ cavities
2. p_____________ cavity
3. m______________

A
  1. pleural cavities
    (pleura surrounds each lung)
  2. pericardial cavity
    (fluid filled space surrounds the heart)
  3. mediastinum (contains all thoracic organs except lungs)
83
Q

The mediastinum contains all thoracic organs except the lungs themselves. Name these organs.

A

heart
esophagus
trachea
thymus
several large blood vessels (that enter/exit heart)

84
Q

Name the organs of the pelvic cavity.

A

urinary bladder,
portions of the large intestine,
internal organs of the reproductive system

84
Q

What is the dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

diaphragm

84
Q

Name the organs of the abdominal cavity.

A

stomach
spleen
liver
gallbladder
small intestine
most of large intestine

85
Q

The organs inside the thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavities are called _________.

A

viscera
(Internal organs in the main body cavities)

85
Q

This cavity extends from the diaphragm to the groin, is encircled by an abdominal muscular wall and bones and muscles of the pelvis. What is it?

A

abdominopelvic cavity

superior (abdomino)
inferior (pelvic)

85
Q

What are the parts of a serous membrane? What is between these parts?

A
  1. the parietal layer
  2. the visceral layer

serous fluid (lubricating fluid)

86
Q

What is a thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions (separates) or connects structures?

A

a membrane

87
Q

A thin epithelium that lines the walls of the cavities.

A

the parietal layer

88
Q

a thin epithelium that covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavity

A

the visceral layer

89
Q

What is the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity called?

A

pericardium

90
Q

Nine abdominopelvic regions.

divided by mid clavicular lines

A

right/left hypochondriac
right/left lumbar
right/left inguinal
epigastric
umbilical
hypogastric

91
Q

The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body

A

metabolism

92
Q

Positive feedback systems tend to _________________ the controlled condition.

A

strengthen or reinforce
-childbirth
-blood loss

93
Q

Explain the homeostatic regulation of blood pressure.

A

-Stimulus (disrupts homeostasis)

CONTROLLED CONDITION
Blood pressure

RECEPTORS
baroreceptors in certain blood vessels

Input - nerve impulses

CONTROL CENTER
brain

Output-nerve impulses

EFFECTORS
heart + blood vessels

RESPONSE-decrease in HR and dilation of blood vessels cause blood pressure to decrease

94
Q

Explain the positive feedback control of labor contractions during birth of a baby

A

STIMULUS
contractions of the wall of the uterus force the baby’s head or body into cervix

CONTROLLED CONDITION
stretching of the cervix

RECEPTORS
stretch sensitive nerve cells in cervix

input-nerve impulses

CONTROL CENTER
brain

output-brain interprets input and releases oxytocin

EFFECTORS
muscles in wall of uterus
—contract more forcefully

RESPONSE
baby’s body stretches the cervix more

CYCLE INTERRUPTION
Birth of baby- decreases stretching of cervix, breaks the positive feedback cycle

95
Q

Why is extracellular fluid called the internal environment of the body?

A

ECF surrounds each and every cell in human body and when in proper composition provides the necessary conditions to survive and function as intended.

BIO 235 Athabasca (3 decks)

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