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Cell Structure & Function > Intro to the Cell > Flashcards

Intro to the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Cell theory?
Hint (there are 3)

A
  1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organisation
  3. All cells arise only from pre-existing cells
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2
Q

What are Universal similarities between cells?
Hint (there are 3)

A
  1. DNA as the heritable material, RNA as a messenger and proteins as the workers
  2. Major cellular organelles - functions and arrangements within the cell
  3. ATP as an energy source
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3
Q

What is The Central Dogma?

A

DNA-> RNA ->PROTEIN

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4
Q

What are the similarities between Prokaryote cell versus eukaryote cell?

A

Both have:
Plasma membrane, cytosol, DNA, RNA, protein and ribosomes

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5
Q

What are the differences between Prokaryote cell versus eukaryote cell?

A

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles and are much larger

Prokaryote cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus

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6
Q

What is included in the cytoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm is everything inside the plasma membrane including the organelles, but not including the nucleus

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7
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm is the cytosol

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8
Q

What is the cytosol made up of?

A

water plus dissolved and suspended substances (eg. ions, ATP, proteins, lipids)

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9
Q

What organelles are part of the endomembrane system?

A

Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth and rough)
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes

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10
Q

Which two organelles are not part of the endomembrane system?

A

Mitochondia
Ribosomes

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11
Q

What is the the endomembrane system function?

A

along with plasma membrane, they work together to package, label and ship molecules)

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12
Q

The plasma membrane is selectivley permearble, what does that mean?

A

The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier controlling
the passage of substances in and out of the cell

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13
Q

What does the Plasma membrane consist of?

A

double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins

Physical barrier separating the inside / outside of cell

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14
Q

What is hydrophillic & hydrophobic

A

phobic- doesnt like water-fats
phillic- does- majority of our body

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15
Q

WHat do the fats in the cell membrane do?

A

provide a barrier to water

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16
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

hydrophilic polar heads (phosphate)
* hydrophobic lipid tails (fatty acids)
* arranged as a double layer around cytoplasm, tail to tail

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17
Q

What do Plasma Membrane proteins do?

A

mediate movement of hydrophilic substances

allow cell-cell identification and facilitate intercellular communication

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18
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

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19
Q

What are Integral proteins?

A

embedded (partially or fully) into the membrane
eg. Transmembrane proteins are integral membrane
proteins that fully span the entire membrane,
contacting both extracellular and cytoplasmic areas

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20
Q

What are Peripheral membrane proteins?

A

associated with the membrane, but not actually
embedded in it

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21
Q

Transport protein?

A

For example, channels,
transporters, may be
general or selective,
gated or not

22
Q

Enzyme activity proteins

A

Carry out chemical reaction,
may or may not be a part of a
team of enzymes

23
Q

Signal transduction protein

A

External signaling molecule
causing communication of
information to the inside of the
cell

24
Q

cell-cell recognition protein

A

Use of glycoproteins
(carbohydrate + protein) as
molecular signatures of the
extracellular side of the cell

25
Q

Intercellular joining protein

A

For example, gap junctions
or tight junctions

26
Q

Attachment to ecm/cytoskelten protein

A

For example, fibronectin
mediates contact between
cell surface integrins and ECM
(eg. collagen).
can facilitate movement

27
Q

the membrane is…

A

is a mosaic of molecules bobbing in
a fluid bilayer of phospholipids
Membranes are not static…Objective
Two
cell specific and dynamic repertoire of membrane-
bound proteins present as required

28
Q

Is the nucleus the largest distinct structure inside the cell?

A

Yes

29
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF NUCLEUS

A

to house/protect DNA
* make RNA and assemble ribosomes
* pores regulate movement of substances (eg protein and mRNA) in and out
* molecule segregation to allow temporal and spatial control of cell function

30
Q

Nucleus features

A

Enclosed by double lipid bilayer called nuclear envelope, continuous with rough ER
Entry and exit through nuclear pores
Nucleolus: rRNA production, assembly of small
and large subunits of ribosomes

31
Q

DNA IN NUCLEUS FEATURES

A

DNA wrapped 2x around group of 8 histones, to form nucleosomes
-collectively known as chromatin
Most of the time, our DNA is present as chromatin and
chromatin fibers
As the cell prepares for cell division, chromatin condenses to
form chromatin fibers then condenses further into loops
and then stacks as chromosomes.
Chromosome – comprises many genes
Gene - a DNA segment that contributes to phenotype/function

32
Q

Ribosomes structure

A

two subunits, small and large made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in complex with many proteins
like mushroom

33
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

protein production (translation), found in two places within the cell:
free in the cytoplasm - making proteins to be used in cytosol (non-endomembrane destinations)
OR attached to the RER - making non-cytosolic proteins/endomembrane
rRNA made in nucleolus
Subunits assemble in the nucleolus
leave through nuclear pores
Ribosomes
Objective
Three
two subunits, small and large made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in complex with many proteins

34
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum strucutre

A

continuous with nuclear envelope
dotted with attached ribosomes

35
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum function

A

Major function is production of:
* Secreted proteins
* Membrane proteins
* Organelle proteins

36
Q

how do proteins enter the Rough ER

A

proteins enter lumen within the rough ER for folding
Rough ER membrane surrounds the protein to form
transport vesicles destined for the Golgi

37
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
features

A

Extends from the rough ER
Lacks ribosomes : doesn’t make proteins

38
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum function

A

Major function is as a housing unit for proteins and enzymes
Synthesizes lipids, including steroids and phospholipids
Storage of cell-specific proteins, not all cells make all proteins
Functions of Smooth ER vary greatly
from cell to cell
– very cell/tissue-type specific

39
Q

Golgi apparatus features

A

– receiving and modifying
This complex is made up 3-20 flattened
membranous sacs called cisternae, stacked
on top of one another (“pita bread”)

40
Q

Golgi apparatus functions

A

Functions:
modify, sort, package and transport proteins received from
the rough ER using enzymes in each cisternae
Formation of:
* secretory vesicles (proteins for exocytosis)
* membrane vesicles (PM molecules)
* transport vesicles (molecules to lysosome)

41
Q

golgi to destination

A

ach sac or cisternae contains enzymes of different functions
proteins move cis to trans from sac to sac
Modifications occur within each sac
(formation of glycoproteins, glycolipids and lipoproteins)
mature at the exit cisternae
travel to destination
Objective
Three Golgi apparatus : to destination
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM : Fred ( ) can be a well travelled phospholipid!

42
Q

Lysosomes features

A

contain powerful digestive enzymes
vesicles formed from Golgi membrane
membrane proteins pump H + in to maintain acidic pH
rest of cell protected by membrane

43
Q

Lysosomes function

A

Main function is digestion of:
* substances that enter a cell
* cell components e.g. organelles - autophagy
* entire cells - autolysis
Once digested, all building blocks (amino acids, lipids, etc.) are recycled

44
Q

Mitochondria features

A

Mitochondria are made up of:
* Outer mitochondrial membrane
* Inner mitochondrial membrane, with folds called cristae
* Fluid filled interior cavity, called the mitochondrial matrix

The more energy a cell requires, the more ATP it must make,
and the greater the number of mitochondria present
Mitochondria carry a separate small (37 genes) genome encoding mitochondrial specific products

45
Q

Mitochondria function

A

Main function: generation of ATP through cellular respiration

46
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Fibres or filaments that help to maintain the
size, shape and integrity of the cell:
*Act as scaffolding across the cell
*Involved in intracellular transportation and cell movement
Three types of fibers (from smallest to largest):
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

47
Q

microfilaments
FEATURES

A

Diameter: ~7 nm
Comprised of actin molecules assembled in two long chains, twisted around each other
Assembled and disassembled as required – they are dynamic

48
Q

microfilaments FUNCTION

A

Function:
Bear tension and weight by anchoring cytoskeleton to plasma membrane proteins, and
promote amoeboid motility if required (eg. macrophage)
Found around the periphery and lining the interior of cell

49
Q

intermediate filaments FEATURES

A

Diameter: 8-12 nm.
Comprised of diverse range of different materials; one example: keratin
Found in the cytoplasm of the cell

50
Q

Intermediate filaments FUNCTION

A

Function:
* bear tension and weight throughout cell, e.g., during cell anchoring,
* act as scaffold for cellular organelles, e.g., the nucleus.
Usually the most permanent of cytoskeletal structures – they are less dynamic

51
Q

microtubules FEATURES

A

Diameter: tubular structure, 25 nm with central lumen of 15 nm diameter
Comprised of tubulin dimers (alpha and beta), coiled, to form a tube
Extends from centriole into cytoplasm/nucleus

52
Q

microtubules FUNCTION

A

Functions:
* Support cell shape and size
* Guide for movement of organelles,
* e.g., vesicles from Golgi to membrane
* Chromosome organization – cell division
* Support and movement of cilia /flagella

Cell Structure & Function (6 decks)

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