Intro To The Cell Flashcards
Prokaryotic cells
- Bacteria and Archaea
- Small, simple cells
- No true nucleus
- No organelles
First appeared 3.5 Bya - Unicellular
Eukaryotic cells
- Plants, Animals, Fungi, and Protists
- Larger, complex cells
- Membrane- enclosed organelles
- Unicellular or multicellular
Structure of a bacterium
- capsule - short projections - ribosomes - nucleoid coiled DNA - plasmids - cytoplasm - cell wall - plasma membrane - flagellum
Structure of an idealized animal cell
- lysosome
- ribosomes
- Golgi apparatus
- vesicle
- plasma membrane
- cytoskeleton
- cytoplasm - flagellum
- mitochondria
- nucleus
- endoplasmic reticulum
- nuclear envelope
Structure of an idealized plant cell
- mitochondrion
- chloroplast
- plasma membrane
- cell wall - cell wall of adjoining cell
- central vacuole
- cytoplasm - vesicle
- Golgi apparatus
- cytoskeleton
- ribosomes
- nucleus
- nuclear envelope
Structure of Endomembrane system
- smooth ER
- Lysosome
- trans Golgi
- cis Golgi
- plasma membrane
- rough ER
- Nucleus
- nuclear envelope
What two steps does protein production involve ?
- transcription * in the nucleus results in the production of RNA from DNA
- Translation * at the ribosomes results in the production of proteins
After transcription where does the RNA travel from
It travels from the nucleus to a ribosome
Organelle
Any of several membrane enclosed structures with specrrtared functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.
Cell fractionation
It is used to separate cell connopnents based on size and density
Cells
The music structural and functional units of every organism
Plasma membrane
The me,brand found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment
Cytosol
The semi fluid portion of a cytoplasm
Chromosomes
Carries genes in the form of DNA
Ribosomes
Tiny complexes that make proteins according to instructions from the genes
Nucleoid
A non membrane enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell where it’s chromosome is located
Fimibriae
Attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes
Cell wall
Rigid structure outside the plasma membrane
Flagella
Locomotion organelles of some prokaryotes
Cytoplasm
The contents of the cell; bounded by the plasma membrane
Hydrophilic
Are in contact with aqueous solutions on either side
Hydrophobic
Parts of phospholipids and membrane proteins are found in the interior of the membrane
Nucleus
An atoms central core, containing protons and neutrons
- the organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made up of chromatin
- a cluster of neutrons
Nuclear envelope
The highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells
Nuclear Lamina
A netlike array of protein filaments that lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope and helps maintain the shape of the nucleus
Chromosomes
A cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules
Chromatin
The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.
Nucleolus
A specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm
Ribosomal RNA ( rRNA)
Is synthesized from genes in the DNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Carries information from the DNA
Endomembrane system
The collection of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles
Vesicles
A membrane bound sac in or outside a cell
Golgi apparatus
An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably non cellulose carbohydrates
Mitochondrion
An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesizes ATP
Chloroplasts
An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water
Crista
An in folding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
Mitochondrial matrix
The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle, as well as ribosomes and DNA
Thylakoids
A flattened, membranous sac inside a Chloroplast. They often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular machinery used to convert light energy to chemical energy
Granum
A stack of membrane bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions Of photosynthesis
Stroma
The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoids membrane and containing ribosomes and dna
Plastids
One of a family of closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts. Plastids are found in cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes.
Peroxisome
An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen , producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.
Motor proteins
A protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell
Microtubules
A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella
Centrosome
A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule organizing center and is important during cell division. It has two centrioles
Centriole
A structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets in a 9 + 0 pattern. A centrosome has a pair of centrioles.
Cilia
A short appendage containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells.
Primary cell wall
In plants, a relatively thin and flexible layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of a young cell
Middle lamella
In plants, a thin layer of adhesive extra cellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells
Secondary cell wall
In plant cells, a strong and durable matrix that is often deposited in several laminated layers around the plasma membrane and provides protection and support
Extracellular matrix
The mesh work surrounding animal cells, consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by cells
Collagen
A glycoproteins in the extra cellular matrix of animal cells that forms string fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone
Proteoglycan
A large molecule consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains attached, found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells
Fibromectin
An extra cellular glycoprotein secreted by animal cells that helps them attach to the extracellular matrix
Integrin
In animal cells, a transmembrane receptor protein with two subunits that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton
Plasmodesmata
An open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells,allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules to pass between the cells
