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Concepts Of Biology 1 > Intro To The Cell > Flashcards

Intro To The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A
  • Bacteria and Archaea
  • Small, simple cells
  • No true nucleus
  • No organelles
    First appeared 3.5 Bya
  • Unicellular
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2
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A
  • Plants, Animals, Fungi, and Protists
  • Larger, complex cells
  • Membrane- enclosed organelles
    - Unicellular or multicellular
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3
Q

Structure of a bacterium

A 
- capsule
- short projections
- ribosomes
- nucleoid coiled DNA 
- plasmids
- cytoplasm 
- cell wall
- plasma membrane 
- flagellum
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4
Q

Structure of an idealized animal cell

A
  • lysosome
  • ribosomes
  • Golgi apparatus
  • vesicle
  • plasma membrane
  • cytoskeleton
    - cytoplasm
  • flagellum
  • mitochondria
  • nucleus
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • nuclear envelope
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5
Q

Structure of an idealized plant cell

A
  • mitochondrion
  • chloroplast
    - plasma membrane
    - cell wall
  • cell wall of adjoining cell
  • central vacuole
    - cytoplasm
  • vesicle
  • Golgi apparatus
  • cytoskeleton
  • ribosomes
  • nucleus
  • nuclear envelope
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6
Q

Structure of Endomembrane system

A
  • smooth ER
  • Lysosome
  • trans Golgi
  • cis Golgi
  • plasma membrane
  • rough ER
  • Nucleus
  • nuclear envelope
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7
Q

What two steps does protein production involve ?

A
  • transcription * in the nucleus results in the production of RNA from DNA
  • Translation * at the ribosomes results in the production of proteins
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8
Q

After transcription where does the RNA travel from

A

It travels from the nucleus to a ribosome

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9
Q

Organelle

A

Any of several membrane enclosed structures with specrrtared functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.

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10
Q

Cell fractionation

A

It is used to separate cell connopnents based on size and density

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11
Q

Cells

A

The music structural and functional units of every organism

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12
Q

Plasma membrane

A

The me,brand found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment

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13
Q

Cytosol

A

The semi fluid portion of a cytoplasm

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14
Q

Chromosomes

A

Carries genes in the form of DNA

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15
Q

Ribosomes

A

Tiny complexes that make proteins according to instructions from the genes

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16
Q

Nucleoid

A

A non membrane enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell where it’s chromosome is located

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17
Q

Fimibriae

A

Attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes

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18
Q

Cell wall

A

Rigid structure outside the plasma membrane

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19
Q

Flagella

A

Locomotion organelles of some prokaryotes

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20
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The contents of the cell; bounded by the plasma membrane

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21
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Are in contact with aqueous solutions on either side

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22
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Parts of phospholipids and membrane proteins are found in the interior of the membrane

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23
Q

Nucleus

A

An atoms central core, containing protons and neutrons

  • the organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made up of chromatin
  • a cluster of neutrons
24
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

The highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells

25
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A

A netlike array of protein filaments that lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope and helps maintain the shape of the nucleus

26
Q

Chromosomes

A

A cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules

27
Q

Chromatin

A

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.

28
Q

Nucleolus

A

A specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm

29
Q

Ribosomal RNA ( rRNA)

A

Is synthesized from genes in the DNA

30
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Carries information from the DNA

31
Q

Endomembrane system

A

The collection of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles

32
Q

Vesicles

A

A membrane bound sac in or outside a cell

33
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably non cellulose carbohydrates

34
Q

Mitochondrion

A

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesizes ATP

35
Q

Chloroplasts

A

An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water

36
Q

Crista

A

An in folding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

37
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle, as well as ribosomes and DNA

38
Q

Thylakoids

A

A flattened, membranous sac inside a Chloroplast. They often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular machinery used to convert light energy to chemical energy

39
Q

Granum

A

A stack of membrane bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions Of photosynthesis

40
Q

Stroma

A

The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoids membrane and containing ribosomes and dna

41
Q

Plastids

A

One of a family of closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts. Plastids are found in cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes.

42
Q

Peroxisome

A

An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen , producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.

43
Q

Motor proteins

A

A protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell

44
Q

Microtubules

A

A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella

45
Q

Centrosome

A

A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule organizing center and is important during cell division. It has two centrioles

46
Q

Centriole

A

A structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets in a 9 + 0 pattern. A centrosome has a pair of centrioles.

47
Q

Cilia

A

A short appendage containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells.

48
Q

Primary cell wall

A

In plants, a relatively thin and flexible layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of a young cell

49
Q

Middle lamella

A

In plants, a thin layer of adhesive extra cellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells

50
Q

Secondary cell wall

A

In plant cells, a strong and durable matrix that is often deposited in several laminated layers around the plasma membrane and provides protection and support

51
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

The mesh work surrounding animal cells, consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by cells

52
Q

Collagen

A

A glycoproteins in the extra cellular matrix of animal cells that forms string fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone

53
Q

Proteoglycan

A

A large molecule consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains attached, found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells

54
Q

Fibromectin

A

An extra cellular glycoprotein secreted by animal cells that helps them attach to the extracellular matrix

55
Q

Integrin

A

In animal cells, a transmembrane receptor protein with two subunits that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton

56
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

An open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells,allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules to pass between the cells

Concepts Of Biology 1 (2 decks)

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