Intro to statistics Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 main types of data?

A

Nominal (qualitative)

Ordinal (quantitative)

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of Nominal/qualitative data? give examples

A

Unordered (e.g. male/female)

Ordered (e.g. small, medium, large)

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of ordinal/quantitative data? give examples

A

Discrete/whole numbers (e.g. students on the course, children in the family)
Continuous (e.g. weight in kg)

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4
Q

When analysing ordinal data, what are the 2 ways in which it can be analysed?

A

can be analysed by both, parametric or non-parametric tests

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5
Q

When would parametric and non-parametric tests be used to analyse data?

A

If the distribution is normal – use parametric test;

If the distribution is skewed – use a non-parametric test

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6
Q

Give Examples of non-parametric tests

A

Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis

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7
Q

Give Examples of Parametric tests

A

t-tests and Anova

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8
Q

What test is used to determine if there is a significant association between the two categorical variables(e.g., male/female voters vs voting preference (Labour, Conservative) ?

A

Chi2 (squared)

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9
Q

Define skewed distribution of data

A

Skewed distributions are asymmetrical and have data that clusters toward one end

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10
Q

How is normal distribution of data displayed ?

A

represents the distribution of many random variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph.

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11
Q

Define qualitative data

A

method of observation to gather non-numerical data.

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12
Q

Define quantitative data

A

measures of values or counts and are expressed as numbers

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13
Q

Define mean

A

the sum of all the samples, divided by the number of samples (n).

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14
Q

Define median

A

the value halfway through the ordered data set, below and above which there lies an equal number of data values.

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15
Q

Define quartile

A

Lower (first) quartile chosen to place 25% of the data below it, 75% above it
Upper (third) quartile chosen to place 75% of the data below it, 25% -above it

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16
Q

Define IQR

A

IQR (Third Quartile minus First Quartile) quantifies the spread or dispersion of the sample
Q3 - Q1

17
Q

Define Confidence Interval

A

The CI is a range of values, above and below a finding, in which the actual value is likely to fall.

18
Q

Define p-value

A

p value - indicates how likely it is that a result occurred by chance alone

19
Q

Define effect size

A

way of quantifying the difference between two data groups

20
Q

What does p = 0.05 mean?

A

95% sure that difference between data sets is real

21
Q

What’s the difference between statistical and clinical significance?

A

If a result is statistically significant it means it was unlikely to have occurred by chance.
If it is clinically significant, then it reflects its importance on clinical practice

22
Q

when should t-test be used?

A

When we want to compare the means of two sets of scores

23
Q

Difference between paired and unpaired t-test data?

A

Paired: eechnumber in group 1 is linked to a number in group 2 and the difference between each pair is investigated

24
Q

Difference between paired and unpaired t-test data?

A

Paired: each number in group 1 is linked to a number in group 2 and the difference between each pair is investigated
Unpaired: numbers one each group are unrelated to each other

25
Q

when should anova test be used?

A

When there are more than 2 sets of data/conditions and more than 1 Independent Variable needs to be compared.