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Geoscience project - 33741 > Intro to statistics 1 - types of data and summary statistics > Flashcards

Intro to statistics 1 - types of data and summary statistics Flashcards

1
Q

What can statistics be used to objectively evaluate?

A

accuracy of estimates of means and population sizes
probability of differences or trends being other than just due to sampling error or natural variability

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2
Q

What is a population? (statistics)

A

A set of similar items or events which are of interest for a specific question or experiment

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3
Q

What 2 types of statistical population is there?

A

Group of actually existing objects
or
Hypothetical potentially infinite group of objects

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4
Q

What is a sample? (statistics)

A

A set of data collected/selected from the population

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5
Q

What can individual sample components be referred to as?

A

sample points, sampling units or observations

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6
Q

What is probability?

A

The measure of likelihood for a specific event to occur based on statistical analysis of sample data.

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7
Q

What is data? (statistics)

A

individual pieces of information used for statistical analysis, raw info which observations are collected

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8
Q

What are the main types of data?

A

Discrete
Continuous
Catergorical

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9
Q

What is discrete data?

A

Data/variables which only take a finite number of values and cannot
be subdivided

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10
Q

What is an example of discrete data?

A

minerals in a rock sample

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11
Q

What is continuous data?

A

Data/variables which can take an infinite number of values (data can be subdivided infinitely)

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12
Q

What is an example of continuous data?

A

Height

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13
Q

What is categorical data?

A

Data/variables which are mutually exclusive (i.e. can only have one state)

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14
Q

What is an example of categorical data?

A

On or off

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15
Q

What are the 2 categories of data?

A

Quantitative
Qualitative

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16
Q

How can quantitative data be split?

A

Ratio
Interval

17
Q

How can qualitative data be split?

A

Nominal
Ordinal

18
Q

What is ratio data/ ratio scale?

A

Data with a defined, numeric scale AND with an absolute/natural zero (i.e., values cannot be negative)

19
Q

What is an example of ratio data/ ratio scale?

A

Weight (150g)

20
Q

What is interval data/ interval scale?

A

Data with a defined, numeric scale but WITHOUT an absolute zero (i.e., values can be positive, negative, and zero)

21
Q

What is an example of interval data/ interval scale?

A

Celsius scale

22
Q

What is nominal data/ nominal scale?

A

Discrete, mutually exclusive data with no numerical order/meaning

23
Q

What is an example of nominal data/ nominal scale?

A

Rock type (magmatic/ sedimentary)

24
Q

What is ordinal data/ ordinal scale?

A

Discrete, mutually exclusive data that can be ranked according to some characteristic

25
Q

How are units of measurement decided and by what system?

A

Determined by type of measurement
System- systeme internationale d’unites 1948

26
Q

What is precision?

A

the variability of results (i.e. how close to each other repeated measures are)

27
Q

What is accuracy?

A

the closeness of results to the ‘true’ value

28
Q

What is the central tendency?

A

single value that attempts to describe and
summarise a data set by identifying the central position within the data

29
Q

What is variance in data?

A

how the data are dispersed

30
Q

How is variance of a data set calculated?

A

calculated as the average of the squared differences from the mean.

31
Q

What is standard deviation? (variance)

A

The standard deviation is the
square root of the variance. It indicates how much the data is spread on average

32
Q

How do you get the difference when calculating variance?

A

You must calculate the mean so you get the difference between the observed values and the average

33
Q

What is a sampling error?

A

The difference between the calculated mean and the true mean of the population

34
Q

What is frequency?

A

how often individual data values appear in the data set

35
Q

How is frequency data usually presented?

A

In a histogram

36
Q

What are examples of frequency and distribution?

A

Aggregated distribution
Random distribution
Even distribution

37
Q

What is aggregated distribution?

A

Population clumped in one area

38
Q

What is random distribution?

A

no set pattern to population distribution

39
Q

What is even distribution?

A

The population is equally distributed throughout the environment

Geoscience project - 33741 (3 decks)

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