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HistoPath Lec 2ndYR 2ndSem Finals > Intro to Staining > Flashcards

Intro to Staining Flashcards

1
Q

The process of applying dyes on the sections

A

Staining

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2
Q

Dye for acidic tissues

A

Basic dye

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3
Q

Dye of basic tissues

A

Acidic dye

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4
Q

3 Classifications of Staining according to purpose

A

Histological
Histochemical
Immunohistochemical

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5
Q

Classifications of Staining according to purpose:

Direct interaction between the composition of the tissues and the stain solution being used in the process

A

Histological Staining

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6
Q

Classifications of Staining according to purpose:

Looks for a specific structure of the tissue by applying dye through a chemical reaction

A

Histochemical Staining

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7
Q

Classifications of Staining according to purpose:

Combination of immunologic and histochemical techniques allowing to look for phenotypic markers onto the tissues

A

Immunohistochemical Staining

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8
Q

What are the 10 methods of staining

A

Direct
Indirect
Progressive
Regressive
Microanatomical
Metachromatic
Counterstaining
Metallic Impregnation
Vital
Intravital

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9
Q

Method of Staining:

  • no other process involved
  • sections are stained with simple Aqueous or Alcoholic Solutions
A

Direct Staining

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10
Q

Examples of dyes for Direct Staining

A

Methylene Blue
Eosin

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11
Q

Method of Staining:

Involves usage of Mordant in order for the stain to interact or stay on the tissue

A

Indirect Staining

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12
Q

Link or Bridge between the tissue and dye

A

Mordant

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13
Q

Examples of Mordants

A

Potassium Alum
Iron

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14
Q

Can accelerate the speed of staining in Indirect Staining

A

Accentuator

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15
Q

Example of Accentuators

A

Potassium hydroxide
Phenol

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16
Q

Method of Staining:

Follows a definite sequence of increasing concentrations

A

Progressive Staining

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17
Q

Usual results of Progressive staining

A

Dark under the microscope

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18
Q

Method of Staining:

  • Tissue is first overstained then decolorized
  • Decreasing concentrations
A

Regressive Staining

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19
Q

Examples of Dyes for Regressive Staining

A

Gram’s Stain
Acid fast Staining

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20
Q

Regressive staining dye for when you want to check the presence and size of the bacteria

A

Gram’s Stain

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21
Q

What do you call a Circle bacteria

A

Cocci

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22
Q

What do you call an Elongated bacteria

A

Basilli

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23
Q

Regressive staining dye for when you want to look for the presence of mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Acid fast staining

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24
Q

Regressive Staining:

3 Classes of Differentiators

A

Acid
Oxidizing
Mordant

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25
Q

3 Classes of Differentiators:

Forms a soluble salt with the metal so that the latter is dissolved

A

Acid Differentiator

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26
Q

3 Classes of Differentiators:

Oxidizes the dye to a colorless subtance

A

Oxidizing Differentiator

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27
Q

Done to restain faded slides

A

Mordant Differentiation

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28
Q

Method of Staining:

Stains tissue with a color that is different from that of the stain itself

A

Metachromatic Staining

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29
Q

When Toluidine Blue dye is used on Mast cells, what color is exhibited?

A

Red Purple

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30
Q

When Cresyl Blue is used on Reticulocytes, what color is exhibited?

A

Blue Green

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31
Q

Method of Staining:

Application of a different color or stain to provide contrast and background staining

A

Counterstaining

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32
Q

Examples of Cytoplasmic Counterstains

A

Eosin Y
Picric Acid
Lissamine Green

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33
Q

Examples of Nuclear Counterstains

A

Neutral Red
Hematoxylin
Safranin O

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34
Q

Method of Staining:

General relationship of tissues and cells

A

Microanatomical Staining

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35
Q

Types of staining under Microanatomical Staining

A

Cytoplasmic
Negative

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36
Q

Type of Microanatomical Staining used for structures found in the cytoplasm and nucleus

A

Cytoplasmic Staining

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37
Q

Type of Microanatomical Staining used for bacterial morphology

A

Negative Staining

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38
Q

Method of Staining:

Demonstration of tissue elements by the use of metallic salts

A

Metallic Impregnation

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39
Q

Produces Opaque or Black deposits on the tissue

A

Metallic salts

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40
Q

When using metallic salts, the black deposits in the tissue is an indicator of what

A

Bacteria

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41
Q

Method of Staining:

Selective staining of living cells

A

Vital Staining

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42
Q

Stain used to selectively identify the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Trypan Blue

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43
Q

Stain used to selectively identify the Mitochondria

A

Janus Green

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44
Q

What does it mean when the Nucleus is not demonstrated after staining

A

Cell is already dead

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45
Q

Method of Staining:

Done by injecting the dye into any part of animal body

A

Intravital Staining

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46
Q

Dye used in Intravital staining to demonstrate the uterus in the gravid helminths in parasitology

A

India Ink

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47
Q

Examples of Dyes used in Intravital staining

A

Lithium
Carmine
India Ink

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48
Q

Method of Staining:

Stains living cells immediately after removing from the body

A

Supravital Staining

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49
Q

Examples of dyes used in Supravital Staining

A

Methylene Blue
Neutral Red
Janus Green
Trypan Blue

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50
Q

Stains are prepared from what 2 categories of dyes?

A

Natural
Synthetic

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51
Q

Examples of Natural Dyes

A

Hematoxylin
Cochineal Dyes
Orcen
Saffron

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52
Q

Example of Synthetic Dye

A

Aniline Dye/Coal Tar Dye

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53
Q

Hematoxylin is derived from what

A

Heartwood of the Hematoxylin Campechianium (A mexican tree)

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54
Q

Most valuable stain used

A

Hematoxylin

55
Q

The active coloring agent found in Hematoxylin

A

Hematin

56
Q

What does hematin need to undergo for Hematoxylin to be considered as a stain

A

Oxidation/Ripening

57
Q

Hematin can be Oxidized/Ripened through exposure to?

A

Air/Sunlight
Oxidizing Agents

58
Q

How long does it take for Hematin to be oxidized when exposed to air or sunlight

A

3 - 4 months

59
Q

Types of Hematoxylin

A

Alum
Copper
Iron

60
Q

Type of Hematoxylin used for progressive staining

A

Alum Hematoxylin

61
Q

Type of Hematoxylin used for differential or regressive staining

A

Iron Hematoxylin

62
Q

Type of Hematoxylin used for the process of spermatogenesis

A

Copper Hematoxylin

63
Q

Cochineal dyes are derived from where

A

Female Coccus Cacti (Cochineal bug)

64
Q

When cochineal dyes are treated with Alum, it will now be termed as?

A

Carmine

65
Q

Carmine w/ Picric Acid is used where

A

Neuropatholigcal Studies

66
Q

Carmine w/ Aluminum Chloride is used where

A

Glycogen Demonstration

67
Q

Considered as the best Carmine stain

A

Carmine w/ Aluminum Chloride

68
Q

Orcein dyes are derived from where

A

Lichens

69
Q

Dye that is mainly used only as an indicator

A

Orcein Dyes

70
Q

Aniline dyes are derived from where

A

Hydrocarbon benzene

71
Q

What does Aniline Dye need to bind to for it to show color

A

Substrate

72
Q

Gives color to the Aniline dye

A

Chromogens

73
Q

Retain the color in Aniline dyes

A

Auxochrome

74
Q

A combination of Chromogen and Auxochrome plus a substrate will create what

A

Chromophores

75
Q

Allows the Aniline dye to appear in the tissue

A

Chromophores

76
Q

According to Location of Chromophore:

Base of Acid dye

A

Sodium

77
Q

According to Location of Chromophore:

Base for Basic dye

A

HCl

78
Q

Hematoxylin Solution used for Regressive Staining

A

Ehrlich’s Hematoxylin

79
Q

Staining time for Ehrlich’s Hematoxylin

A

15-40mins

80
Q

Hematoxylin Solution used for Routine nuclear staining

A

Harris Hematoxylin

81
Q

Staining time for Harris Hematoxylin

A

5-20mins

82
Q

Hematoxylin Solution used for Routine Purposes

A

Coles Hematoxylin

83
Q

Staining time for Coles Hematoxylin

A

10mins

84
Q

Hematoxylin Solution used for identifying Mucopolysaccharides and for Nuclear Staining

A

Mayer’s Hematoxylin

85
Q

Iron Hematoxylin Solution recommended for when the preceding stains contain acid

A

Weigert’s Hematoxylin Solution

86
Q

Iron Hematoxylin Solution recommended for regressive staining of thin sections

A

Heidenhain’s Hematoxylin

87
Q

When using Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin on Nuclei, Fibrin, Muscle striations, Myofibrils, and Fibroglia, what color is exhibited

A

Blue

88
Q

When using Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin on Collagen, Bone, and Cartilages, what color is exhibited

A

Orange-Red or Brownish Red to Deep Red Stain

89
Q

Staining time for Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin

A

12-24hrs

90
Q

Counterstain used after Hematoxylin and before Methylene Blue

A

Eosin

91
Q

Eosin B will impart what color

A

Deeper Red

92
Q

Eosin Y will impart what color

A

Green Yellow fluoresence

93
Q

Other Stains Used:

  • basic nuclear stain
  • for diagnosis of Diphtheria
A

Methylene Blue

94
Q

Other Stains Used:

Methylene blue heated with fixed alkali/alkali carbonate

A

Methyl Violet

95
Q

Other Stains Used:

  • substitute for Thionine in FFT
  • for Nissl granules
A

Toluidine Blue

96
Q

Other Stains Used:

  • Amyloid in FFT
  • For hematology
A

Crystal Violet

97
Q

Other Stains Used:

  • for Counterstaining of epithelial sections
A

Aniline Blue

98
Q

Other Stains Used:

plasma stain for acid-fast organism

A

Basic Fuchsin

99
Q

Other Stains Used:

  • for Ascaric Eggs and Erythrocytes
  • Both decolorizer and counterstain
A

Malachite Green

100
Q

Other Stains Used:

Contrast stain for Gram’s Staining

A

Bismarck Brown

101
Q

Other Stains Used:

Utilized for manufacture of paints

A

Prussian Blue

102
Q

Other Stains Used:

For Acid mucopolysaccharide

A

Alcian blue

103
Q

Other Stains Used:

for embryos

A

Congo Red

104
Q

Other Stains Used:

Substitute for Carbole Fuchsin

A

Night Blue

105
Q

Used to stain lipids or fats

A

Lysochromes

106
Q

Types of Lysochromes

A

Sudan Black
Sudan IV
Sudan III

107
Q

Lyschrome for Phospholipids & Neutral Lipids

A

Sudan Black

108
Q

Identify the Lysochrome:

0.5% solution boiled in 70% Ethanol

A

Sudan Black

109
Q

Lysochome used for Neutral Lipids Only

A

Sudan IV

110
Q

Identify the Lysochrome:

2% Benzoic acid in 70% Alcohol

A

Sudan IV

111
Q

Lysochrome used as Fat stain for CNS

A

Sudan III

112
Q

Chief solvents used for Stains

A

Water
Alcohol
Aniline Water
Phenol

113
Q

Coplin jar holding capacity

A

5-9 slides

114
Q

Slotted staining dishes holding capacity

A

5-19 slides

115
Q

Metal/Glass Staining Rack/Carriers holding capacity

A

10-30 slides

116
Q

Recommended storage time of sections

A

10yrs

117
Q

RI of Glass

A

1.518

118
Q

Mounting Media groups

A

Aqueous
Resinous

119
Q

Types of Aqueous Media

A

Water
Glycerin Jelly
Gum Arabic
Apathy’s Medium

120
Q

RI of Glycerin Jelly

A

1.47

121
Q

RI of Gum Arabic

A

1.43

122
Q

RI of Apathy’s Medium

A

1.52

123
Q

Types of Resinous Media

A

Canada Balsam
DPX
Xam
Permount
Clarite

124
Q

RI of Canada Balsam

A

1.524

125
Q

RI of DPX

A

1.532

126
Q

RI of Xam

A

1.520

127
Q

RI of Permount

A

1.518

128
Q

RI of Clarite

A

1.544

129
Q

Difficulties encountered during mounting

A

Cloudy or Milky due to improper dehydration
Small bubbles
Setting may be hastened in a hot oven

130
Q

Process of sealing the margins of the coverslip to prevent escape fluid

A

Ringing

131
Q

Mordant Differentiator:

If primary stain is basic, what should be the characteristic of the Decolorizer

A

Acidic

132
Q

Mordant Differentiator:

If primary stain is acidic, what should be the characteristic of the Decolorizer

A

Basic

133
Q

Orcein Dyes are usually colorless, but when treated with Ammonia or Exposed to air, it will express what color?

A

Blue or Violet

HistoPath Lec 2ndYR 2ndSem Finals (1 decks)

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