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Intro to Sociology > Intro to Sociology: Units A-5 > Flashcards

Intro to Sociology: Units A-5 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sociology

A

the science behind society

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2
Q

Social Facts

A

products of human interaction with persuasive or coercive power that exists externally to any individual

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3
Q

Who coined the phrase “social facts” in 1895?

A

Emile Durkheim

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4
Q

Data

A

Systematically collected sets of empirical observations

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5
Q

Research Questions

A

queries about the world that can be answered empirically

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6
Q

Sociological Research Methods

A

scientific strategies for collecting empirical data about social facts

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7
Q

Qualitative Research Methods

A

tools of sociological inquiry that involve careful consideration and discussion of the meaning of nonnumerical data

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8
Q

Quantitative Research Methods

A

tools of sociological inquiry that involve examining numerical data with mathematics

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9
Q

Sociological Sympathy

A

the skill of understanding others as they understand themselves

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10
Q

Research Ethics

A

the set of moral principles that guide empirical inquiry

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11
Q

What principles guide empirical inquiry?

A

respect, justice, and beneficence

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12
Q

Sociological Theory

A

empirically based explanations and predictions about relationships between social facts

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13
Q

Social Patterns

A

explainable and foreseeable similarities and differences among people influenced by the social conditions in which they live

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14
Q

Standpoints

A

points of view grounded in lived reality

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15
Q

Public Sociology

A

the work of using sociological theory to make societies better

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16
Q

Sociological Imagination

A

the capacity to consider how people’s lives- including our own- are shaped by the social facts that surround us

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17
Q

Theory of Mind

A

the recognition that other minds exist, followed by the realizations that we can try to imagine others’ mental states

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18
Q

Looking-Glass Self

A

that self that emerges as a consequence of seeing ourselves as we think other people see us

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19
Q

In-Depth Interview

A

a research method that involves an intimate conversation between the researcher and a research subject

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20
Q

Coding

A

a process in which segments of text are identified as belonging to relevant categories

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21
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A

a phenomenon in which what people believe is true becomes true, even if it wasn’t originally true

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22
Q

Laboratory Experiment

A

a research method that involves a test of hypothesis under carefully controlled conditions

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23
Q

Variable

A

any measurable phenomenon that varies

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24
Q

Experimental Group

A

the group in a laboratory experiment that undergoes the experience that researchers believe might influence the dependent variable

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25
Q

Control Group

A

the group in a laboratory experiment that does not undergo the experience that researchers believe might influence the dependent variable

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26
Q

Casual Claims

A

assertions that an independent variable is directly and specifically responsible for producing a change in a dependent variable

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27
Q

Correlational Claims

A

assertions that changes in an independent variable correspond to changes in a dependent variable but not in a way that can be proven causal

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28
Q

Self-Narrative

A

a story we tell about the origin and likely future of our selves

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29
Q

Culture

A

differences in groups’ shared ideas, as well as the objects, practices, and bodies that reflect those ideas

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30
Q

Socialization

A

the lifelong learning process by which we become members of our cultures

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31
Q

Culturally Competent

A

able to understand and navigate our cultures with ease

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32
Q

Social Construct

A

an influential and shared interpretation of reality that will vary across time and space

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33
Q

Social Construction

A

the process by which we layer objects with ideas, fold concepts into one another, and build connections between them

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34
Q

Type of Constructs: Signifiers

A

things that stand for other things (ex: emoji)

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35
Q

Type of Constructs: Categories

A

subsets of things that we believe are sufficiently similar to one another to be considered the same (ex: “pets” are a subset of animals)

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36
Q

Types of Constructs: Binaries

A

categories we see as opposites or otherwise in opposition (ex: good and evil)

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37
Q

Type of Constructs: Associations

A

ideas that have nothing special in common except for the fact that they’re connected by a third idea (ex: rainbows and flags= LGBTQ+ Pride)

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38
Q

Type of Constructs: Sequences

A

ideas arranged into a specific chronological order (ex: outline, draft, edit)

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39
Q

Types of Constructs: Hierarchies

A

ideas places into ranked relationships (ex: young is better than old)

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40
Q

Symbolic Structure

A

a constellation of social constructs connected and opposed to one another in overlapping networks of meaning

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41
Q

Beliefs

A

ideas about what is true and false

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42
Q

Values

A

notions as to what’s right and wrong

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43
Q

Norms

A

shared expectations for behavior

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44
Q

7 Agents of Socialization

A

Families, Schools, Peers, Religion, Mass Media, Work, and Military

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45
Q

Interpersonal Socialization

A

active efforts by others to help us become culturally competent members of our cultures

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46
Q

Subcultures

A

subgroups within societies that have distinct cultural ideas, objects, practices, and bodies

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47
Q

Self-Socialization

A

active efforts we make to ensure we’re culturally competent members of our cultures

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48
Q

Social Ties

A

the connections between us and other people

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49
Q

Social Networks

A

webs of ties that link us to each other and, through other people’s ties, to people to whom we’re not directly linked

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50
Q

Social Media

A

social networks mediated by the internet

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51
Q

Homophily

A

our tendency to connect with others who are similar to us

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52
Q

Social Network Analysis

A

a research method that involves the mapping of social ties and exchanges between them

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53
Q

Mass Media

A

mediated communication intended to reach not just one or a handful of people but many

54
Q

Media Socialization

A

the process of learning how to be culturally competent through our exposure to media

55
Q

Embodied

A

physically present and detectable in the body itself

56
Q

Biosocial Research Methods

A

tools of sociological inquiry that investigate relationships between sociological variables and biological ones

57
Q

Culture-as-Value Thesis

A

the idea that we’re socialized into culturally specific moralities that guide our feelings about right and wrong

58
Q

Culture-as-Rationale Thesis

A

the idea that we’re socialized to know a set of culturally specific arguments with which we can justify why we feel something is right or wrong

59
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

the practice of assuming that one’s own culture is superior to the culture of others

60
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

the practice of noting that differences between cultures without passing judgment

61
Q

Social Indentities

A

the socially constructed categories and subcategories in which we place ourselves or are places by others

62
Q

Distinction

A

active efforts to affirm identity categories and place ourselves and others into their subcategories

63
Q

Positive Distinction

A

the claim that members of our own group are superior to members of other groups

64
Q

In-Group Bias

A

preferential treatment of members of our own group and mistreatment of others

65
Q

Minimal Group Paradigm

A

the tendency of people to form groups and actively distinguish themselves from others for the most trivial of reasons

66
Q

What are the 5 steps to socially construct and identity?

A
  1. Invent- establishing a human feature as a basis of identity
  2. Divide- deciding what will differentiate people within identity subcategories
  3. Stereotype- giving identity subcategories different symbolic meanings
  4. Perform- doing social identities in accordance with stereotypes
  5. Rank- elevating some identity subcategories over others
67
Q

Social Identity Theory

A

the idea that people are inclined to form social groups, incorporate group membership into their identity, take steps to enforce group boundaries, and maximize positive distinction and in-group success

68
Q

Sexual Minorites

A

people who are gay, lesbian, bisexual, or otherwise non-heterosexual

69
Q

Race

A

a socially meaningful set of artificial distinctions falsely based on superficial and imagined biological differences

70
Q

Psychological Wage

A

a noneconomic good given to one group as a measure of superiority over other groups

71
Q

One-Drop Rule

A

the idea that anyone with any trace of Black ancestry should be considered Black

72
Q

Blood Quantum Rule

A

a law limiting legal recognition of American Indians to those who have a least a certain level of documented indigenous ancestry

73
Q

Ethnicity

A

an identity based on collective memories of a shared history and distinctive culture

74
Q

Gender

A

the ideas, traits, interests, and skills that we associate with being biologically male or female

75
Q

Sex

A

a reference to physical traits related to sexual reproduction

76
Q

Gender Binary

A

the idea that people come in two and only two types, males who are masculine and females who are feminine

77
Q

Intersex

A

people with physical characteristics typical of both people assigned male and people assigned female at birth

78
Q

Cisgender

A

people who are assigned male at birth who identify as men as well as people assigned female at birth who identify as women

79
Q

Transgender

A

people assigned male at birth who don’t identify as men as well as people assigned female at birth who identify as women

80
Q

Nonbinary

A

people who identify as both man and woman or neither man nor woman

81
Q

Stereotype

A

clusters of ideas attached by social convention to people with specific social identites

82
Q

Content Analysis

A

a research method that involves counting and describing patterns of themes in media

83
Q

Doing Identity

A

the active performance of social identities

84
Q

Consumption

A

the use of wages to purchase goods and services

85
Q

Conspicuous Consumption

A

spending elaborately on items and services with the sole purposes of displaying one’s wealth

86
Q

Stigma

A

a personal attribute that is widely devalued by members of one’s society

87
Q

Controlling Images

A

pervasive negative stereotypes that serve to justify or uphold inequality

88
Q

Prejudice

A

attitudinal bias against individuals based on their membership in a social group

89
Q

Status

A

high or low esteem

90
Q

Status Beliefs

A

collectively shared ideas about which social groups are more or less deserving of esteem

91
Q

Computational Sociology

A

a research method that uses computers to extract and analyze data

92
Q

Status Elite

A

people who carry many positively regarded social identities

93
Q

Intersectionality

A

the recognition that our lives are shaped by multiple interacting identities

94
Q

Social Interaction

A

moments we share with other people

95
Q

Social Rules

A

culturally specific norms, policies, and laws that guide our behavior

96
Q

Folkways

A

loosely enforced norms

97
Q

Mores

A

tightly enforced norms that carry moral significance

98
Q

Taboos

A

social prohibitions so strong that the thought of violating them can be sickening

99
Q

Policies

A

rules that are made and enforced by organizations

100
Q

Laws

A

rules that are made and enforced by cities, states, or federal governments

101
Q

Social Sanctions

A

reactions by others aimed at promoting conformity

102
Q

Account

A

an excuse that explains our rule breaking but also affirms that the rule is good and right

103
Q

Symbolic Interactionalism

A

the theory that social interaction depends on the social construction of reality

104
Q

Dramturgy

A

the practice of looking at social life as a series of performances in which we’re actors on metaphorical stages

105
Q

Impression Management

A

efforts to control how we’re perceived by others

106
Q

Face

A

a version of ourselves that we want to project in a specific setting

107
Q

Front Stage

A

a public space in which we are aware of having an audience

108
Q

Back Stage

A

private or semiprivate spaces in which we can relax or rehearse

109
Q

Interpersonal Discrimination

A

prejudicial behavior displayed by individuals

110
Q

Field Experiment

A

a type of experiment that involves a test of hypothesis outside the laboratory

111
Q

Ethnomethodology

A

research aimed at revealing the underlying shared logic that is the foundation of social interactions

112
Q

Breaching

A

purposefully breaking a social rule in order to test how others respond

113
Q

Deviance

A

behaviors and beliefs that violate social expectations and attract negative sanctions

114
Q

Strain Theory

A

the idea that deviance is caused by a tension between widely valued goals and people’s ability to attain them

115
Q

Differential Association Theory

A

the idea that we need to be recruited into and taught criminal behavior by people in our social networks

116
Q

Social Disorganization Theory

A

the idea that deviance is more common in dysfunctional neighborhoods

117
Q

Concentrated Poverty

A

a condition in which 40 percent or more of the residents in an area live below the federal poverty line

118
Q

Neutralization Theory

A

the idea that deviance is facilitated by the development of culturally resonant rationales for rule breaking

119
Q

Labeling

A

the process of assigning a deviant identity to an individual

120
Q

Labeling Theory

A

a theory about how labels that are applied to us influence our behavior

121
Q

Primary Deviance

A

the instance of deviance that first attracts a deviant label

122
Q

Secondary Deviance

A

further instances of deviance prompted by the receipt of the deviant label

123
Q

Structural Functionalism

A

the theory that society is a system of necessary, synchronized parts that work together to create social stability

124
Q

Collective Conscience

A

a society’s shared understanding of right and wrong

125
Q

Anomie

A

widespread normlessness or a weakening of or alienations from social rules

126
Q

Survey Research

A

a research method that involves inviting individuals to complete a questionnaire designed to collect analyzable data

127
Q

Sample

A

the subset of the population from which data will be collected

128
Q

Generalizable

A

a term used to describe data that are applicable to the whole population from which the sample is drawn, not just the sample itself

129
Q

Conflict Theory

A

the idea that societies aren’t characterized by shared interests but competing ones

130
Q

Social Inequality

A

a condition in which wealth, power, and prestige are most readily available to people with privileged social identities

131
Q

Historical Sociology

A

a research method that involves collecting and analyzing data that reveal facts about past events, with the aim of enhancing sociological theory

Intro to Sociology (1 decks)

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