Intro to skin and integuement

Question 1

What is Integument?

Answer 1

The enveloping membrane of the body including all derivatives of the epidermis

Question 2

What is the approximate surface area of the skin (adult)?

Answer 2

1.5-2m2

Question 3

What are the three key layers of skin? (outer layer first)

Answer 3

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutis- subcutaneous layer

Question 4

Which layer of the skin is avascular?

Answer 4

Epidermis

Question 5

What are the layers of the epidermis from top to bottom (included in thick skin)

Answer 5

Stratum lucidum — (thick skin only

Stratum corneum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
Basement membrane

Question 6

What cells does the Stratum basale contain?

Answer 6

columnar keratinocytes

Question 7

What cells does the Stratum spinosum contain?

Answer 7

polyhedral keratinocytes

Question 8

What cells does the Stratum granulosum contain?

Answer 8

3-5 layers flattened keratinocytes

Question 9

What cells does the Stratum corneum contain?

Answer 9

corneocytes 20-30 cells thick

Question 10

What cells does the Stratum lucidum contain?

Answer 10

dead keratinocytes

Question 11

What is the Stratum basale for?

Answer 11

adherence

Question 12

What is the Stratum spinosum for?

Answer 12

adherence/strength

Question 13

What is the Stratum granulosum for?

Answer 13

waterproofing

Question 14

What is the Stratum corneum for?

Answer 14

shedding layer

Question 15

What is the scalp?

Answer 15

thin skin and subcutaneous tissue

Question 16

What are the borders of the scalp?

Answer 16

superior border occipital bone to supra-orbital margin of frontal bone
laterally extending over temporal fascia to zygomatic arches

Question 17

What are the layers of the scalp?

Answer 17

Skin
Connective tissue(dense)
Aponeurotic layer
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium

Question 18

Why is is not too worrying if the scalp looks down to the bone

Answer 18

They may have reached to aponeurosis layer

Question 19

What to do if there is a scalp injury? Why?

Answer 19

Apply direct pressure

Bleeding can expand the loose connective tissue layers and cause swelling

Question 20

What causes swelling in the scalp?

Answer 20

Injury causes bleeding

Blood not pressurised expands the loose connective tissue layers under the aponeurosis.

Question 21

Why does the scalp bleed easily?

Answer 21

Good vascular supply

Question 22

What causes wrinkles?

Answer 22

Loss of elasticity of dermis

Question 23

How does the skin vary in adherence? What?

Answer 23

Lots of short fibrous bands more adherence less mobility

Long less fibrous bands less adherence more mobility

Question 24

Where is toughest skin located

Answer 24

Soles of feet

Question 25

What is the role of skin ligaments

Answer 25

Attach dermis to underlying deep fascia

Question 26

What does red colour change mean in skin?

Answer 26

Blushing, heat distribution, insect bite infection

Question 27

What does blue colour change mean in skin?

Answer 27

cyanosis

Question 28

What does yellow colour change mean in skin?

Answer 28

jaundice, indicative of bilirubin breakdown

Question 29

What does red colour change look like on black skin?

Answer 29

Purple

Question 30

What does blue colour change look like on black skin?

Answer 30

Grey

Question 31

Where to find yellow colour change best rather than on skin?

Answer 31

Sclera