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Locomotor Y2 > Intro to skin > Flashcards

Intro to skin Flashcards

1
Q

Name one cancer which mainly affects the skin

A

Malignant melanoma

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2
Q

Name one inflammatory condition which mainly affects the skin

A

Psoriasis

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3
Q

Name one way that diabetes affects the skin?

A

Diabetic ulcer

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4
Q

Name one genetic disease which mainly affects the skin?

A

Epidermolysis Bullosa

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5
Q

What does this image show?

A

Psoriasis

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6
Q

What does this image show?

A

Malignant melanoma

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7
Q

What does this image show?

A

Epidermolysis Bullosa

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8
Q

List the 4 main fucntions of the skin

A

Protection

Insulation

Provides sensory information

Vitamin D synthesis

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9
Q

List 5 things the skin helps to protect you from?

A
  • Physical trauma
  • Infection
  • Penetration of drugs and chemicals
  • UV radiation
  • Water loss
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10
Q

What is the name of the two main layers which make up the skin? What is the potential third layer?

A

Epidermis and Dermis

Hypodermis (adipose tissue)

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11
Q

What type of tissue is the epidermis composed of?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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12
Q

Which part of the embryo does the epidermis come from?

A

Ectoderm

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13
Q

What is the main cell type found in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes

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14
Q

List the 4 main layers in the epidermis?

A

–Stratum basale (basal layer)

–Stratum spinosum (spinous layer)

–Stratum granulosum (granular layer)

–Stratum corneum (cornified layer)

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15
Q

Which layer of the skin is hair and sebaceouse glands found in?

A

Epidermis

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16
Q

What do keratinocytes produce?

A

keratins

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17
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the stratum corneum, hair and nails?

A

Keratins

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18
Q

What is the difference betwee alpha and beta keratins?

A

Alpha keratin has a secondary structure with S-S bonding

This makes it soft

Beta keratin is hard

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19
Q

In which epidermal layer does proliferation occure?

A

Basal layer

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20
Q

State 4 features of the stem cells in the skin

A
  • Long lived
  • Slow cycling
  • Capable of self renewal
  • Capable of terminal differentiation
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21
Q

What do the Basal layer cells connect to?

A

The basment memebrane

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22
Q

What type of laminin, and collagen is found in the basement membrane of the skin?

A

•Laminin 332, Collagen IV, and Collagen VII

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23
Q

What links keratin cytoskeleton to the basement membrane?

A

Hemidesmosomes (integrin receptors)

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24
Q

What anchors epidermis to dermis?

A

Hemidesmosomes (integrin receptors)

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25
Q

List 2 other fucntions of Hemidesmosomes (integrin receptors)?

A

Essential for cell polarity, regulating basal cell function

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26
Q

How many cell layers thick is the Stratum Spinosum?

A

3-4 cell layers thick

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27
Q

The cells in the Stratum Spinosum have a spiny appearance, why?

A

They have Numerous desmosomes

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28
Q

How many cell layers does the Stratum Granulosum have?

A

2-3 layers

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29
Q

In which layer of the epidermis is are granules of keratohyalin found?

A

Stratum Granulosum

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30
Q

There are 3 type of keratohyalin granules, name them

A

–Filaggrin

–Involucrin

Loricrin

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31
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is the main protective barrier of skin?

A

The stratum corneum

32
Q

Which features of the stratum corneum make it a good protective barrier?

A
  • Have a thick cornified envelope
  • Cross-linked by enzymes
  • Cells in cornified layer are dead
33
Q

Which feaature of the stratum corneum is used to maintain mositure?

A

Intercellular lipids (ceramides)

34
Q

List and describe 4 main cell to cell adhesions

A

•Adherens junctions

Cadherin receptor linked to actin cytoskeleton

•Desmosome

Cadherin receptor linked to keratin cytoskeleton

•Tight junctions

Claudin and occludin seal intercellular space

•Gap junctions

Intercellular pores made up of connexins

35
Q

Name the 3 layers found in the dermis

A

–Papillary

–Reticular

–Adipose

36
Q

List 3 main features/ functions of the Dermis

A
  • Provides strength and elasticity to skin
  • Complex mix of macromolecules
  • Vascularised and innervated
37
Q

What is the most abundant cell in the dermis?

A

Fibroblast

38
Q

List 3 things that fibroblast cells synthesises?

A

–Collagen

–Elastin

–Proteoglycans

39
Q

Which layer of the dermis contains many small blood capillaries?

A

The papillary layer

40
Q

Which proteins are found in the papillary layer?

A
  • Type III Collagen
  • Elastin
41
Q
A
42
Q

Describe which arrangment of collagen in the papillary layer? Which type of collagen is located here?

A
  • Fine, randomly oriented collagen
  • Type III Collagen
43
Q

Describe the arrangment of collgane in the reticular layer?

A

•Large and densely packed collagen fibres

44
Q

Which part of the skin and which layer of this part provides most of the emchincal strendth for the skin?

A

Dermis

Reticular layer

45
Q

List the 2 types of glands found in the dermis?

A

–Sebaceous gland

  • Eccrine sweat gland
  • Apocrine gland
46
Q

Where is the Pilosebaceous unit located in the skin? State the 2 things this unit is composed of

A

–Hair follicle

–Sebaceous gland

47
Q

Is a hair follicle part of the dermis of the epidermis?

A

Epidermis

48
Q

There are two types of hair follicles, name them

A

–Vellus-body hair

–Terminal-scalp and secondary sexual hair

49
Q

What is produces hair?

A

Matrix keratinocytes

50
Q

What controls hair growth?

A

Dermal papilla fibroblasts

51
Q

Which keratin type do hair follicle stem cells express?

A

Keratin 15

52
Q

List and describe the 3 main phases in the hair cycle

A
  • Anagen-active
  • Catagen-regressive
  • Telogen-resting
53
Q

What kind of gland is the sebaceous gland? Which hormones is it sensitive to? And at which point in life does it enlarge?

A
  • Exocrine gland
  • Androgen sensitive
  • Enlarges at puberty
54
Q

Name the component of the Sebaceous Gland which contains sebum? What happens when the Sebaceous Gland is infected?

A
  • Mature sebocytes contain sebum
  • Infection causes acne
55
Q

How is the Eccrine Sweat Gland regulated?

A

Thermoregulation

56
Q

There are two components of the Eccrine Sweat Gland, name them

A

–Excretory duct

–Secretory coil

57
Q

What is an Apocrine Gland? Where are they located?

A
  • Sweat gland associated with hair follicles
  • Axilla and pubic region
58
Q

What causes sweat from the Apocrine Gland to smell?

A

The odourless secretion it produces is

  • Broken down on skin by bacteria
  • Release volatile fatty acids
59
Q

What type of (immune) cell is a melanocyte?

A

Dendritic cell

60
Q

Where in the skin are melanocytes found?

A

•Epidemis on basement membrane and hair matrix

61
Q

What do melanocytes produce?

A

•Produce melanin in melanosomes

62
Q

Which organel is responsible for the synthesis ,storage and transport of melanin?

A

melanosomes

63
Q

There are two types of melanin, name them

A

–Eumelanin

–Pheomelanin

64
Q

How are melanosomes protected from UV?

A

•Melanosomes injected into keratinocytes

65
Q

What type of (immune) cell is the Langerhan Cell?

A

Dendritic cell

66
Q

Where in the skin are Langerhan Cells found?

A

•Basal and spinous layers of the epidermis

67
Q

What is the fucntion of Langerhan Cells?

A
  • Antigen presenting cell
  • First line of defence
  • Presents antigen to T lymphocytes
68
Q

Where in the skin is the merkel cell located? What is its fucntion?

A

Epidermis –Stratum basale

Sensory perception?

69
Q

Where in the skin are mast cells located? What do they produce?

A

Dermis

Secrete Histamines

70
Q

Describe the 3 types of wound types

A
  • Superficial – epidermis
  • Partial thickness – epidermis and dermis
  • Full thickness – epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
71
Q

List the 3 phases of wound healing

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Proliferation
  3. Maturation
72
Q

Describe the inflammatory pahse of wound healing

A

Phase 1-

Time: 0-15 mins

Process: Homeostasis and clot formation occurs

Visbisble effect: this casuing blanching on the skin

Cells: Endothelial cells and platelets are responsible

ECM component (only for clot formation): Fibrin and Fibronectin

Key regulating mediators: Epinephrin, prostoglandis and thromboxanes

Thrombin for clot formation

Phase 2

Time: 16-6 days

Process: Inflammation

Visible change: Erythema, heat, pain, swelling

Cells: Endothelial, mast, neutrophils, macrophages, T cells

ECM: provisional fibrin based matrix

Key regulators: SNS, Histamin, Leukotrins, thrombin, complement proetins, IL8, IL-6

73
Q

How long does the proliferation phase of healing last?

A

2days- several weeks

74
Q

How long does the maturation phase of wound healing last?

A

4 days- indefinate

75
Q

What is the defintion of a chronic wound? Give 3 causes

A

•Chronic wounds (not healed >6 wks)

–Venous, pressure, diabetic ulcer

76
Q

What can develop when a wound over heals?

A

Keloids

Locomotor Y2 (8 decks)

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