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Respiratory System > Intro to Respiratory System > Flashcards

Intro to Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the Respiratory system structures starting form top to bottom

A
  1. Nasal cavity plexus
  2. Paranasal sinuses
  3. Nostril
  4. Oral cavity
  5. Pharynx
  6. Larynx
  7. Trachea
  8. Carina of strachea
  9. Left main (primary bronchus)
  10. Right main bronchus
  11. Bronchi
  12. Alveoli
  13. Lungs
  14. Parietal Pleura
  15. Ribs
  16. Diaphragm
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2
Q

Describe the upper airways roles

A

Upper airways are nasal passages

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3
Q

What are the lower respiratory airways?

A

Tracheae & bronchi

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4
Q

What is the role of the bronchi?

A

They reach into lung structures and into alveoli to transport oxygen

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5
Q

What causes movement within the respiratory system?

A

Respiratory muscles and pleural membranes contribute to movement

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6
Q

What is the significance of the respiratory system?

A
  1. provide cells the energy required to function via O₂
  2. Aerobic Respiration requires O₂ and produces CO₂
  3. Atmosphere provides O₂ source and CO₂ can be
    expelled
  4. Our bodies are too large to rely on simple diffusion of
    gases from atm -> tissues
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7
Q

How does O₂ reach gas exchange structures?

A

To reach gas exchange structures, air must pass through a series of increasingly narrow and numerous airways

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8
Q

What is the consequence of impaired airway function?

A

Insufficient ventilation occurs

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9
Q

Why are alveoli good gas exchange structures?

A

Have intricate structures and multiple adaptations to maximise rate of gas exchange

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10
Q

Describe the structural features of alveoli?

A
  • Large SA (big SA:vol ratio)
  • Alveolar walls are 1 cell thick
  • Basement membrane is fused with blood vessels
  • Richly innervated by capillaries providing an adequate
    blood supply
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11
Q

What is the link between CVS and Resp. system?

A

Both work together to provide O₂ to cells

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12
Q

What are the functions of the Respiratory system?

A

Provides and ventilates specialised gas exchange surfaces

Contributes to acid-base balance (blood pH)

Communication

Metabolism & production of specific mediators

Pulmonary circulation filters particulate matter and emboli, reducing systemic circulation exposure

Immunological defence

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13
Q

Describe how O₂ transport occurs from the atmosphere to the cells

A
  1. O₂ inhaled from atmosphere –> lungs
  2. O₂ diffuses from alveoli –> blood within pulmonary
    circulation
  3. O₂ transported in blood mainly bound to Hb
  4. O₂ diffuses into cells / tissues for aerobic respiration
    use
  5. CO₂ diffuses out of respiring tissues –> blood,
    exchanged at lungs
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14
Q

What do lung volumes and capacities depend upon?

A

Age
sex
height
lung properties e.g. compliance, obstruction / damage due to disease

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15
Q

How does age and sex affect lung capacity?

A

With age lung volume decreases

Men tend to have a larger lung capacity compared to women

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16
Q

What is ventilation?

A 
Volume of (fresh) air reaching respiratory surfaces over a given time 
- dependent on volume (depth) and rate of breathing
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17
Q

Outline the equation for ventilation

A

V = VT x f

V = minute volume (ml)
- total volume of air inhaled in all breaths over 1 minute

VT = tidal volume (ml)
- volume of air inhaled in each breath

f = frequency (per minute)
- number of breaths a minute

18
Q

What factors need to be taken into consideration when using the ventilation formula?

A

V = VT x f calculates ventilation without taking into consideration:

  • fresh atm air reaching gas exchange surfaces
  • always some degree of air present in respiratory system
19
Q

What kind of air (fresh / stale) is present within lungs?

A

The lungs contain a mixture of ‘fresh’ and ‘stale’ air

20
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Gas exchange only takes place in alveoli, but air must pass through the airways

airways = anatomic dead space

21
Q

Why is the respiratory system described as a two-way system?

A

Air enters and leaves via the same path

22
Q

Why are the lungs never completely empty?

A

A residual volume of air remains in the airways and lungs at the end of each expiration

23
Q

What is dead space volume?

A

The final ~150 ml of each inspiration never reaches the alveoli / takes place in gas exchange as it’s always expired first

24
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

Alveolar ventilation corrects for the volume of inspired air which doesn’t take part in gas exchange (due to dead space)

25
Q

Outline the formula used to calculate alveolar ventilation

A

VA = (VT - VD) x f

VA = alveolar minute volume (ml)
- total volume of fresh air entering alveoli across all
breaths over a 1 minute period

VT = tidal volume (ml)

VD = Dead space volume (ml)
- volume of air remaining in respiratory system at the end
of each expiration

f = frequency (per minute)

26
Q

Describe the movement of gases

A

Gases naturally move from (connected) areas of higher pressure to lower pressure, until an equilibrium is re-established.

27
Q

Assuming Person A has a dead space vol. of 150 ml,
Calculate their total and alveolar ventilation if

VT (L): 0.5
Breathing Rate (min-1): 12
A

(VT (ml) - VD) x f
((0.5 x 1000) - 150) x 12 = 4200 ml / min

= 4.2 L/min

28
Q

Assuming Person B also has a dead space vol. of 150 ml, Calculate their total and alveolar ventilation when:

VT (L): 0.2
Breathing rate (min-1): 30
A

(VT -VD) x f

((0.2 x 1000) - 150) x 30 = 1500 ml/min

= 1.5 L/min

29
Q

What is the Ideal Gas Equation?

A

PV = nRT

P = pressure (pa)
V = volume (m³)
N = no. of moles 
R = gas constant (8.32)
T  = temperature (K)
30
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

P ∝ n/v
Pressure = the no. of gas molecules within a given volume

If n remains constant, increased volume = decreases pressure

31
Q

How does the number of molecules affect pressure?

A

A lower no. of molecules = less pressure

32
Q

How does connecting 2 spaces allow equilibrium to be reached?

A

Connecting spaces causes equilibrium as gases move from high to low pressures (down a pressure gradient) until a constant pressure is reached

33
Q

How does volume affect pressure?

A

Decreasing volume will increase pressure due to compression caused

34
Q

What is partial pressure of a gas?

A

The pressure of that constituent gas if it alone occupied that same volume at the same temperature
e.g.
Ptotal = PA + PB + PC

35
Q

How is partial pressure of a gas calculated?

A

Multiply total pressure by mole fraction

36
Q

What are the mole fractions of the gases present in air?

A

Nitrogen - 0.78
Oxygen - 0.21
Carbon dioxide - 0.03
Water - variable

37
Q

How can we calculate Ptotal when taking the water present in air, into consideration?

A

Ptotal = PH₂O + {Pconstituent gases

38
Q

How do you calculate the partial pressures of constituent gases if water is present in the air?

A

Pgas = (P barometric - P H₂O) x ngas

P barometric - atm pressure
P H₂O - water vapour (0 in dry air, 6kpa in humidified air)

39
Q

what is PO₂ of dry air at the summit of mount Everest (8844m) if Pᵦₐᵣₒₘₑₜᵣᵢ₍ = 34kPa?

A

34 kPa x 0.21 = 7.14 kPa

40
Q

What does the partial pressure of gas dissolved in liquid tell us?

A

It’s equivalent to the amount of gas that would dissolve (at eqb.) if the liquid was placed in contact with a gas phase of equivalent partial pressure

Respiratory System (10 decks)

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